Conservation tillage practices
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December 14 01:04:52, 2018
Mechanized conservation tillage is a complete technological system, and mechanized conservation tillage should be considered from the harvest of the former crops. Its main operations include harvesting and straw treatment, deep loosening, topsoil operations, sowing and field management. The mechanized conservation tillage practices for several typical crops are described below as follows: (A) Winter wheat mechanized conservation tillage practices in a one-year-old ripening area The protective tillage system for winter wheat includes a no-tillage stalk covering system and deep-rooted stalks Coverage system, etc. The specific mechanized conservation tillage processes include: harvesting - straw treatment - deep pine - weeding in the fall - pre-sowing topsoil - fertilization sowing - field management. 1. Winter wheat harvesting and straw mulching Winter wheat harvesting in northern arid areas is generally in mid-June. Harvesting generally occurs in the following two situations: 1) Harvesting wheat with a combine harvester Combine with crushed straw Combine Harvester Harvesting with straw When the grain combine harvester harvests wheat, the harvester has a straw smashing function, so it can save a straw smashing operation once. In order to prevent the quality of follow-up operations due to excessive cutting, the cutting height at harvest should be controlled at about 10 cm. The comminuted straw should be evenly covered on the surface. If straw is piled up due to parking or unloading of food or troubleshooting, the piles of straw should be picked up and scattered. Harvesting wheat with the combine harvester without the straw smashing function or with the tandem combine harvester When harvesting the wheat with these two combine harvesters, the covered stalks generally need to be crushed, so that the higher cutting retracement can be maintained at the time of harvesting (20 cm Or above), this will reduce the amount of feed to combine harvesters and improve ergonomics. 2) When using a windrower or manually harvesting a wheat windrower or harvesting wheat manually, if the straw smashing operation is not to be performed in the field, the cutting hoe shall be controlled below 10cm, and the harvested wheat shall be returned to threshing and the wheat stalk After being crushed or smashed in the yard, they are transported back to the ground and evenly spread on the ground; if it is decided to use a straw crusher, the cut hoe can be left high, and after the threshing, the stalks will be spread on the surface and then crushed by the straw smasher. . 2. Straw crushing operation In order to ensure a good straw covering effect and reduce the plugging phenomenon at the time of sowing, the straw crushing operation should generally be performed. The straw smashing can be performed with a hammer straw shredder or a shredder-type straw shredder. According to experience, straw smashing should not be carried out immediately after the wheat is harvested. The straw smashing operation should be carried out when the weeds grow to about 10cm after the first rain in the fallow period. This is because the straw is relatively dry and the smashing effect is the second. The straw can be crushed at the same time, eliminating weeds and saving one weeding operation. The length of the crushed straw should be controlled within 10cm. 3. Subsoil work is more viscous (greater than 1.3 g/cm3 for loamy soil, and bulk density above 1.4 g/cm3 for clay soil) or conservation tillage and presence of plough layer in soil The land should be deep-buried to facilitate the infiltration of rainwater. When it is deep, the straw will cover the surface, and the long straw will affect the passing performance of the deeper machine. Therefore, it should be carried out after the straw is crushed. It is recommended to use a single-column double-beam deep lofter with high ground clearance. In order to reduce the possible occurrence of furrows after deep loosening of the surface, it is recommended to use a subsoiler with a wing spade (see the description of the rear machine). If the jointer is used, the floor will be evener. 4. Recreational period weeding The winter wheat fallout period in arid northern areas is generally from July to September. It is just the rainy season. Therefore, there may be more weeds in the field. In addition to weeding when the straw is crushed, according to weeds, the necessary weeding operations should be performed in time. Weeding can be done by artificial weeding, mechanical weeding, or weeding with herbicides (such as paraquat, etc.). It should be noted that when herbicides are used to weed, the dosage of straw should be increased due to the fact that the straw covering the surface does not easily enter the surface soil. 5. Before the sowing of topsoil before sowing, the topsoil operation is relatively deep, ploughing and other deep operations. It only affects the topsoil, weeds and cover, and has less damage to deep soil. Top soil operations are generally available with notched disc harrows, shallow loosening machines, and springs, etc. Under special circumstances, rotary cultivators can also be used for shallow rotation. One of the biggest differences between conservation tillage and conventional farming is the elimination of hoe plowing and, in most cases, no-tillage sowing. This poses problems for winter wheat in the following aspects: First, it has large surface bulk density and no-tillage sowing. When the harvester harvests, transports grain, etc., it will produce gully on the surface, and the surface roughness will be poor, which will affect the quality of sowing; Third, when the straw coverage is too large or uneven distribution, it will Affect the passability of the seeder. Therefore, necessary topsoil operations should be carried out before sowing. When using a disc harrow for topsoil, in addition to loosing soil, flat land, and weeding, the disc harrow will also mix part of the straw into the soil, which is conducive to the adoption of the seeder. However, when the soil water content is unsuitable (larger or smaller), a large amount of soil turbid waste will appear on the disc harrow, which will affect the seeding and emergence of dense planting crops. Therefore, when the soil moisture content is suitable, get on. The big arrow spade type spade with a gravel roller and spatula with a spatula are more suitable for protective cultivation of winter wheat. The former uses a big arrow spade to pass through the soil at a depth of 5 to 8 cm. Sludge can be achieved; the latter's spatula and the elastic spatula handle will generate vibrations during operation, as well as slush. After topsoil operations, the soil bulk density of the ground surface has decreased significantly, which can reduce the drag resistance of the planter by about 40%. This is of great significance to the small planter; shallow pine has good weeding function and can be used instead of before planting. Weeding once; After loosening, the surface flatness has been greatly improved, which can improve the quality of sowing. Shallow work is usually done 1 to 2 days before sowing. Shallow rotation with a rotary cultivator is also a type of top soil operation. Shallow rotary operations can loosen flat land and remove weeds, and crushed and mixed some of the straw into the soil, which will help create a good seedbed for seeding. However, rotary tillage operations will kill earthworms in the soil and damage the soil structure. Good for water and soil conservation. Therefore, rotary farming is generally not recommended. Only in areas where conservation tillage has just been implemented, rotary tillage may be used transitionally to ensure good seed quality because there are no other topsoil tools or because of poor control of the no-tillage planter. During the winter wheat rotation period, the following three points must be observed in the rotary tillage operation: The shallow rotation operation should be carried out 10 to 15 days before sowing. This is to ensure that the soil after the tillage has enough time to return real time; There was a phenomenon that the soil was too soft and the seeding depth could not be controlled. If it is decided to use rotary tillage operation, the pre-order straw smashing operation can be omitted. As long as the straw is evenly spread on the surface during harvest, the straw can be crushed when the shallow rotation is performed 10 to 15 days before sowing. When using a rotary cultivator for shallow rotation, the working depth should be controlled within 10cm. 6. Seeding operations are the most critical operations for conservation tillage. Sowing is carried out on the ground with a large amount of straw covered and mostly under no-tillage conditions. The conditions of the surface are poor and the fertilization operation must be completed at the same time. The requirement for a no-tillage planter is high, so it must be highly valued. Good seeds should be used when planting. The germination rate should be above 90% and the purity should be high. There must be no wheat and other sundries to prevent the flow of seeds. In order to reduce the risk of pests and diseases, seed dressing and dressing should be done before sowing. Pharmacy should be selected according to the specific conditions of the local pests and diseases. For example, the seed dressing agent commonly used in central Shanxi Province is a kind of medicine called “a mix of spiritsâ€. When the specific operation is performed, it can be seeded according to the instruction manual of the medicine. Fertilization and sowing are carried out at the same time. Fertilization should generally take into account both long-term and quick-acting effects, and once fertilization is needed to protect the whole wheat growth period. The sowing depth of no-tillage sowing is generally about 3cm. The application method of chemical fertilizer varies according to the planter. There are vertical deep application, horizontal application, lateral application, etc. No matter which method of fertilizer application, the fertilizer application amount is above 10kg/mu. It is generally required that the vertical distance between the seed and the fertilizer should be more than 4cm, and the larger the amount of fertilizer, the greater the spacing should be, so as not to cause burning. The effect of vertical and lateral deep application is better than horizontal application. Fertilizer application should be used granular fertilizers, such as urea, diammonium, etc., powdered fertilizer is easy to agglomerate, poor fluidity, will affect the fertilization effect. Chemical fertilizers should be checked before sowing, and blocky fertilizers larger than 0.5 cm above are not allowed to be added into the fertilizer tanks so as to avoid blocking the fertilizer pipes and affecting the amount of fertilizers. The added chemical fertilizers should be dry, and it is not allowed to use chemical fertilizers that are easily caked with moisture. Sowing amount and fertilizer amount are generally the same as traditional farming. 7. Management of growth period The management of the growth period of winter wheat in dryland mainly refers to the control of weeds and diseases and pests. Generally, after the return of wheat to the following year, it is the period of weeds and diseases and pests. Regular observation, timely detection of problems, and measures such as spraying pesticides are not allowed to cause disasters. The above winter wheat operation procedures can be based on specific circumstances, not every job. If the yield of the former stubble wheat is low, the wheat growth is poor, and the straw coverage is less than 200kg/mu, the straw smashing operation may not be carried out; in addition, the deep loosening, weeding, and topsoil operations shall also be carried out as needed. (II) Conservation tillage practices for spring maize in a ripening area in one year The mechanized conservation tillage systems for spring corn include no-tillage stalk covering system, no-tillage stalk covering system, and deep loose-stem stalk covering system. The process flow is generally as follows: autumn harvest picking corn spikes - straw smashing or whole stalk covering - no-tillage or deep loose leisure - topsoil operations - no-tillage fertilization sowing - weed control - field management. Harvesting of spring corn is generally conducted in the fall from October to November. When harvesting corn, whether harvested or harvested, it is best to use the harvesting technique to harvest the corn. Do not leave the corn peel in the ground. Because the corn skin is tough, it is not easy to rot, and leaving it in the ground will affect the sowing operation. 2. The corn stalks after the straw processing are collected shall remain as coverings in the field. According to the different systems, there are the following two types of covering: The whole stalk covers the whole stalk and is divided into two types: one is the vertical stalk, one is It is a stalk. Straw mulching ensures that there are more stalks on the surface and it is not easily blown away by the wind. However, due to the multitude of surface stalks that are covered by culverts, the function of water conservation and soil conservation is poor. Inverted stalk cover refers to the use of mechanical or artificial straw to cover the rows after corn is harvested. When overwhelming, care should be taken to overwhelm the wind. The stalk cover has a good covering effect, and because the straw is connected with the root rake, it is not easy to be blown away by the wind, and at the same time, it can also suppress the growth of the weeds when being pushed forward. The two forms of whole stalk cover are more suitable for areas with large winter winds. However, when the whole stalk is covered, since the straw is very long, it will affect the sowing the following year. Therefore, this kind of covering method is not suitable for places with high corn yield and large amount of straw. Crushing Covering Crushing coverage means that after the corn is harvested, the straw is crushed and evenly covered on the surface with a straw crusher. This method has good coverage effect and strong water retention capacity, but the crushed straw is easily blown away by the wind or collected in the field. Therefore, the smashed straw mulching can adopt a notched disc harrow, which can be mixed into the soil to reduce the possibility that the stalks will be blown off by the strong wind or piled up. It is also conducive to precipitation in winter. Infiltration, but also some flat and weeding function. 3. Subsoiling - Selective operations are more viscous (greater than 1.3 g/cm3 for loamy soils and 1.4 g/cm3 for clay soils) or conservation tillage and plowing in soil The ground at the bottom of the ground should be deep-soiled to facilitate the infiltration of precipitation. When the soil is loose, the straw will cover the surface of the soil and the long straw will affect the performance of the deep-steamer. Therefore, it should be carried out after the straw is crushed and before entering the winter. It is recommended to use a single-column double-beam deep subsoiler with high ground clearance. The furrows that appear after deep loosening can increase the roughness of the surface and are conducive to soil conservation (the rougher the surface is, the less soil erosion is likely to occur), so operations such as flat land may not be carried out during the leisure period. Whether or not it absorbs more precipitation after a deep relaxation depends mainly on the amount of winter rainfall (snow). If there is little precipitation in winter, deep looseness may increase the loss of soil moisture. 4. Pre-sowing topsoil operations - Selective operations Before the spring sowing, the status of the surface should be examined to determine whether or not to perform topsoil operations. If the surface roughness is large and there are more straws or piles, it should be carried out such as shallow loosening, spring-crushing ground or shallow rotary cultivator if necessary. Topsoil operations can improve the surface conditions, especially where the ground temperature is low, and can also increase the surface temperature of the land, which facilitates sowing and emergence. If the surface conditions are good (leveling, moderate amount of straw), you can directly sow without topsoil. 5. When sowing maize in spring sowing, apply tillage fertilizing sowing machine to complete the sowing and fertilizing of corn at one time. Corn seeding should use good varieties, because the corn planter is generally semi-precision or precision seeding, it is required that the germination rate of corn seed should reach more than 95%, and should be uniform in size; In order to prevent pests and diseases, must be coated seeds. Fertilization and sowing are completed at the same time, it is necessary to use granular fertilizer, long-term and quick-acting fertilizers at the same time, according to the proportion of mixed into the fertilizer box. In order to ensure smooth fertilizer, there should be no agglomerates in the fertilizer. The depth of sowing and fertilization should be determined according to the soil moisture conditions. Under normal circumstances, the corn seed cover is about 3cm. Fertilizer should be applied directly below, below or to the side of the seeds (depending on the type of seeder), seed fertilizer The distance should be more than 5cm. If there is a dry soil layer on the ground when planting, deep ditching and shallow soil cover should be applied to ensure that seeds are planted on wet soil. In the spring when the soil temperature is low or where the frost-free period is short, it should also be noted that as far as possible, the seedlings and the straw should be divided on both sides. This is to allow the seedlings to absorb more sunlight in order to improve the ground temperature and increase the corn growth. 6, field management spray herbicide In order to prevent the breeding of weeds, corn should be sprayed once a week after spraying herbicide once. Herbicides such as 2,4-D butyrate can be used to completely close the surface and suppress weeds. Because there is straw on the surface, increase the dose when spraying. After emergence of seedlings, supplementary seedlings and weeding corns, the seedlings and supplementary seedlings shall be planted according to the emergence conditions. The average number of per mu in the spring corn planting areas in the north arid area should be controlled at about 4500, if the corn spacing is 70cm, the plant spacing should be about 20cm (available by 667 divided by the row spacing and divided by the required number of acres to calculate the spacing); There are not many seedlings that can be used to make up the seedlings. If there are more seedlings, they should be replanted. When replanting, seeds should be soaked in water for 24 hours to allow the seed to absorb enough water. Manual weeding can be performed at the same time as thinning and supplementing seedlings. (III) Conservation tillage practices for spring wheat, buckwheat and other small grains Cropping techniques for conservation tillage of spring wheat, buckwheat, millet, beans, and gardenia are basically similar to crops such as winter wheat. 1. The planting areas for harvesting the above-mentioned crops are generally located in areas with large wind and sand. Most of the crop stalks are used as firewood and livestock forages. Therefore, it is difficult to return all the straw to the fields. Therefore, at the time of harvesting, no matter what kind of harvesting method is adopted, a high cutting rate should be maintained in order to ensure the use of root sorghum and high stubble mulch to ensure a certain amount of straw mulch to achieve wind and soil conservation and water conservation. 2, deep loose - selective operations Spring wheat and small grains planting area is generally sandy loam soil, and due to the winter melting of spring, the soil structure will naturally recover, it is generally not required for deep loose. For soils with a more viscous weight (area with a loamy soil weight above 1.3 g/cm3 and a bulk density above 1.4 g/cm3 for clay soil) or a land with conservation plowing and soil containing a plough bottom layer should be carried out Deep work to facilitate infiltration of rainwater. When such crops are loose, there is no special requirement for subsoilers because of less surface mulch coverage. 3. The sowing conditions for the sowing of crops in this type of area are as follows: the amount of straw coverage is small, and the root pods left during harvesting are not much left due to winter grazing and wind blow, and the influence on the passability of the sowing machine is small, and no tillage and fertilization sowing Machine operation is easier. Attention should be paid when sowing: If there is less rain and snow in winter, the dry soil layer on the surface when sowing is thicker, deeper ditching and shallow cover can be applied; in addition, crops with smaller seeds and small seeding amount (such as millet, wolfberry fruit) And so on), the requirements for the planting mechanism of the seeder are relatively high, and the adjustment of the sowing machine's sowing volume must be particularly careful and serious. The other requirements for seed and fertilizer are the same as for wheat and corn. 4. Field management The main tasks of field management are weed control and pest control. Generally, weeding or spraying herbicides can be used manually. When herbicides are sprayed, 2,4-D butyl lipid herbicide can be used when the weeds just sprout.