Since the 1970s, transgenic technology has emerged as a groundbreaking field within biotechnology, attracting significant attention and investment worldwide. As documented in numerous scientific publications, over 20 countries and regions have actively engaged in research on genetically modified organisms. In the context of fish transgenic technology, scientists have developed various approaches to introduce foreign genes into aquatic species. After reviewing current methodologies, ten primary techniques are widely recognized: 1. Microinjection, which includes oocyte nuclear injection and fertilized egg cytoplasmic injection; 2. Electric pulse method, also known as electroporation; 3. Sperm-mediated gene transfer; 4. Transcription-based delivery systems; 5. Calcium phosphate precipitation; 6. Liposome-mediated gene transfer; 7. DEAE-dextran method; 8. Chromosomal fragment microinjection; 9. Germ stem cell-mediated gene transfer; and 10. Particle bombardment or "microbomb" techniques.
As scientific knowledge advances, existing methods continue to be refined, while novel strategies are constantly being explored. These innovations not only enhance the efficiency and precision of genetic modification but also open up new possibilities for application in aquaculture, medicine, and environmental conservation. In the coming years, we can expect further breakthroughs that will lead to the development of more resilient, productive, and sustainable fish varieties, ultimately benefiting both ecosystems and human society. The future of transgenic technology holds great promise, and its impact on agriculture and biomedicine is likely to grow significantly in the decades ahead.
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