Proper and rational use of probiotics
Tiamulin Fumarate Soluble Powder Tiamulin Powder,Tiamulin Soluble Powder,Tiamulin Hydrogen Fumarate Powder,Tiamulin Animal Drug Shandong Shengli Bioengineering Co., Ltd , https://www.shenglipharm.com
1 strains
1.1 Source
To develop microecological preparations, we must first select one or several strains of good strains. In the large microbial family, there are many strains that can be used as microecological preparations. The United States (FDA) stipulates that more than 40 species of bacteria can be used as starting strains of microecological preparations, and China's Ministry of Agriculture also lists Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus. Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio phages, yeasts, and Bacteroides fragilis, the six types of microorganisms, have been studied in detail for their physiological characteristics and have shown good performance in practical applications. When breeding strains, the normal flora (ie indigenous flora) from the animal should be used as far as possible so as to maximize its probiotic effect. Normal flora entering the animal body is more likely to survive and can rob with pathogenic bacteria. Attachment point. Although there are many microbes such as Bacillus and other abnormal flora, their symbiotic function is different from that of normal flora. They consume more of the oxygen in the intestines and cause an environment that is not conducive to the survival of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, they produce enzymes and vitamins. Other metabolites, mainly to promote growth, are also often used as starting strains of microecological preparations. In addition to some of the physiological bacteria currently used as starting strains of microecological preparations, there are many other dominant strains that have not yet been developed and utilized, such as Bacteroides, Eubacillus, and Peptococcus.
1.2 Pathogenicity
As a microecological preparation, non-pathogenicity is the primary condition for the selection of bacterial species. Even if growth promotion or other production performance is better, pathogens are absolutely not taken into account. Therefore, the safety of the starting strain must be determined and the possible metabolism of the strain must be determined. The product was systematically studied. It is worth noting that a bacterial strain that has no toxic or side effects may cause negative mutations in the future because of physicochemical, microbial toxins, and bacterial species. Therefore, safety tests should be conducted on the production strains at regular intervals.
1.3 live bacteria content
Active microorganisms play a major role in microecological preparations. Although some of these metabolites also have a positive effect on animal performance, at present, except for a few microbiological agents that are marketed in liquid form, the vast majority are fermented and collected. The solids are put on the market after the treatment of bacteria, drying and solidification. Therefore, it is very important to ensure that the active microorganisms in the preparations play a probiotic role. The test of their products should also be based on viable counts (eg plate method or MIP method). ) Instead of the total number of bacteria (such as blood count). At present, there is no special strict regulation on the content of active microorganisms in microecological preparations. The amount varies from several hundred to several billions per gram. For example, Sweden's Medipharm Stabisil contains 20,109 lactic acid bacteria per gram and Lactobacillus ≥ 500 million per gram. , Lactobacillus ≥ 1 million/g, Streptococcus faecalis ≥ 20 billion/g, and the mixed system is not less than 5 to 10 billion/g.
1.4 Stability
How to maintain the stability of strains is the most practical problem in the research and production of microecological agents. For the micro-ecological preparations, it mainly refers to the influence of specific environmental tolerances such as temperature, humidity, acidity, mechanical friction and extrusion, and storage time under room temperature conditions on the activity of the probiotic; and for feeding micro Ecological preparations must be subjected to high temperatures during the processing of feeds, so the stability of strains to temperature is particularly important. The tolerance of high temperature of different strains varies greatly. Bacillus has the strongest tolerance. The loss at 100°C for 2 minutes is only 5% to 10%, while at 80°C for 5 minutes, the loss of lactobacillus and yeast is 70%~ 80%, 98% to 99% loss at 95°C for 2 minutes. General granulation 80 °C ~ 100 °C has little effect on Bacillus, Lactobacillus, yeast and Streptococcus faecalis, etc.; on the water resistance, the best tolerance of spore bacteria, enterococcus, streptococcus faecalis Among them, Lactobacillus is the worst; except for acid-tolerant Bacillus and Lactobacillus, the general live bacteria preparations are largely killed under the action of gastric acid, and it is difficult for the remaining small live bacteria to enter the intestine to form bacterial colonies. Therefore, no The acid-tolerant live bacteria preparation must have a relatively large concentration of bacteria to exert its probiotic effect. In addition, the preservation time of feed, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids in feed also affect the viability of probiotics. Microbiologists have done a lot of research on how to increase the stability of preparations. Probiotic cysts have been developed at the Alltech Bio Center in the United States. Experiments have shown that this microencapsulated product with β-glucan is stored at room temperature for 36 months. Vitality has no effect. In addition, genetic engineering technology has been widely used in the breeding of probiotics, such as the use of genetic engineering technology to build more conducive to production, preservation, colonization, reproduction or engineering fungus preparations with special functions.
1.5 Scaled production
The purpose of studying microecological preparations is to finally put products into the market in the form of goods and serve human health. Therefore, the strains used must be easy to industrialize and minimize production costs. In particular, they screen for probiotics that grow rapidly in vivo and in vitro, grow in rough conditions, and produce high biomass in a relatively short period of time. Characteristics Conduct systematic research to explore optimal growth conditions for strain growth. At present, the cultivation of micro ecological preparation strains mainly uses solid surface fermentation and liquid deep fermentation. Solid fermentation has high production cost and low yield, so it is not suitable for industrial mass production. The liquid method is the main form of modern fermentation industry. It can be used in mechanical stirring fermentation tank or air-lift fermentation tank. After bacteria multiply by fermentation, it is concentrated and dried. Obtain semi-finished products, and then complete finished products as required.
2 targeted
In the use of microecological preparations, it is necessary to fully consider the object and purpose of its action, different animals should be treated differently, and different types of animals have different characteristics of the digestive system. For aquatic animals, the predominant bacteria in the digestive tract of carnivorous fish are Micrococcus enterococci, Benezococcus, Vibrio, etc., followed by Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, etc., and in the digestive tract of herbivorous fish, there are Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus and so on. Because the colonization of normal flora in the digestive tract of animals is accomplished by the adhesion of bacteria, this kind of adhesion has the characteristic of species, showing strong adhesion to the digestive tract epithelium of certain animals, and to others Animals may exhibit low or no adhesion, and bacterial species also differ in their adhesion. It is determined by the specific adhesin C, a protein-like substance. Such as the prevention of 1 to 7 days of pig diarrhea preferred plant lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus acid, Streptococcus faecalis and other acid-producing preparations; to promote growth and development of piglets, increase daily weight gain and feed compensation are selected Bifidobacterium and other strains; ruminants are selected Fungal probiotics such as Aspergillus are good, can accelerate the decomposition of cellulose. Microecological preparations can be divided into three categories according to their uses: environmental regulators for farming, microecological control agents for controlling pathogens, and feed additives for improving animal resistance and health promotion. Therefore, the actual production should be based on different needs to choose the right preparations to prevent common diseases of the animal is mainly used lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus, Bifidobacterium and other lactic acid bacteria production will be better; to promote rapid growth of animals, improve feed efficiency can be The microecological preparations selected from Bacillus, Lactobacilli, Yeasts, and Molds are selected; if the main purpose is to improve the culture environment, they should be selected from the group consisting of photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and Bacillus. In short, targeted use under the guidance of animal microecological theory can achieve the desired effect at the most economical cost.
3 application time
Microecological preparations can be used throughout the animal's growth process, but their effects are not the same at different growth stages. Generally in animal larvae, the microecological balance in vivo is not yet fully established, and the ability to resist diseases is weak. At this time, probiotics can be introduced into the body and occupy the attachment points with the best effect. For example, the increase in the number of beneficial microbial populations in the intestinal tract of newborn ruminants not only promotes the digestion of cellulose by host animals, but also helps to prevent pathogenic microorganisms from attacking the intestines. Like other newly born mammals, the gastrointestinal tract of newborn ruminants is not yet fully developed, but the colonization of bacteria in the intestine is quite rapid. Lactobacilli and streptococci are present at 24 hours of birth, and at the age of 1 week, the total number of lactobacilli in the intestine is measured. Up to 107 to 109/g. In addition, under the stress conditions such as weaning, transportation, feed conversion, weather mutation and poor feeding environment, the micro-ecological balance in animals is destroyed, and the use of microecological agents is extremely beneficial to the formation of dominant populations. Therefore, the timing of the application of probiotics should be grasped. Feeding as early as possible and long-term, so that its probiotic effect is fully reflected.
4 application dose
The probiotic effect of the microecological preparation is achieved through a series of physiological activities of beneficial microorganisms in the animal body. The final effect is closely related to the number of probiotics applied, and the number is not enough. The advantage of the flora cannot be formed in the body and it is difficult to play a probiotic role. . According to experiments, if the concentration of a bacterium in the cecum content of a bacterium is below 107/g, the enzyme and metabolite produced by the bacterium will not be sufficient to affect the host; if the amount is too large, it will exceed the need to occupy the intestine attachment point and form the dominant flora. The amount of bacteria will not only increase the effectiveness, but will cause unnecessary waste. There is no uniform requirement for the number of microflora used in certain cultured animals. German scholars believe that the amount of bacteria contained in the feed for piglets should reach (0.2 to 0.5) 107/g of feed. Adding 106 Bacillus per gram to the fattening pig feed, the E. coli in the feces is reduced by 35%, 0.5 to 0.6g per day can be used as a therapeutic effect, and Lactobacillus is different due to different preparations, and its number is not less than 107 /g, apply 0.1 ~ 3g daily, the general amount of 0.02% ~ 0.2%.
5Combined with antibiotics
Because of its unique advantages in sterilization effect, reproducibility and other aspects, antibiotics have been used as the main means for disease prevention and treatment of farmed animals for many years, and play an important role in preventing and treating common diseases and promoting the healthy growth of animals. Taking into account the shortcomings of microecological preparations in the treatment of sudden diseases, in the epidemic period of the animals, the more targeted antibiotics can be used first to kill or inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and control the spread of the disease. However, while the antibiotics are killing pathogenic bacteria, the normal flora of the animals is also destroyed. In this case, microecological preparations should be promptly introduced to restore the balance of disturbed intestinal flora through its unique beneficial effects. The so-called synergistic effect of microecological agents and antibiotics. It has been reported that drug-resistant probiotic strains have been screened and can be used in combination with antibiotics. The author believes that this measure must be used with caution because bacterial resistance is a more complex problem. Studies have shown that the development of drug-resistant bacteria is mainly due to Drug-resistant plasmid transfer and drug selectivity inhibition. The plasmid is present in bacterial cells and is an extrachromosomal genetic material with self-replication ability. The plasmid that dictates drug resistance is also called R factor, and a plasmid with multiple drug resistances is also called a multi-resistance plasmid. R factor can not only transfer the drug resistance to the same kind of cells, but also can transfer to different kinds of cells in different genera. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically study the resistance mechanisms of the drug-resistant probiotic strains, if the drug resistance due to the infiltration of drugs due to the special chemical structure of the cells will not be transmitted, this drug-resistant strain can be used in combination with antibiotics. If the resistance is controlled by factor R, in order to avoid the proliferation of resistant strains, such resistant probiotic strains should not be used in combination with antibiotics.
6 dialectical view of the efficacy of micro ecological agents
The physiological role of the microecological preparation as a feed additive, biological control agent, or environmental modifier has been tested in practice and is the development direction of ecological farming in the future. It is true that people now only use it as a means of biological regulation, for example, as a disease control agent, because its therapeutic effect is still more difficult than that of chemical drugs and is used only for preventive use. When a farm animal has a sudden illness, it has to Controlled by chemical drugs. In addition, the probiotics advocate the maintenance of the normal microecological balance. This is a long-term project and must be continuously supplemented during the animal's daily breeding process in order to achieve the expected results. Therefore, experts suggest that: in the use of microecological preparations, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of action of ecological preparations and product characteristics, the correct treatment of its effects, for the control of disease in daily farming, prevention-based, prevention and control; Feed additives, ensuring stability, mastering doses; used to improve the environment, apply as early as possible and persevere.
Microorganisms, a new type of biological product, is currently affecting the growing animal husbandry industry with its unique concept. It is believed that with the further development of microecology research and the continuous enhancement of people’s green and environmental protection concepts, the application prospect of microecological agents will More extensive.