I. Kinds and characteristics of ducks The varieties of ducks are divided into two types, namely meat and egg, according to economic purposes. Meat ducks are large in size, generous in body, plump in muscle, delicious in meat, gentle in temperament and unresponsive. Early growth, easy fattening. Representative Beijing ducks, Cherry Valley ducks, French Muscovy ducks, Austrian white star ducks and so on. At present, the market that is more adaptable to the French Muscovy duck, Owl and Starbucks, etc. are optimistic about the outstanding characteristics of a good meat, high lean meat, low feed and meat ratio, strong disease resistance. For example, the French Muscovy duck has the flavor of wild fowl; the chest muscles account for 27-30% of the corpus callosum; under rough conditions, the brooding rate and survival rate are as high as 95-98%. Egg-type ducks are smaller in size, slender in body, tight in feathers, flexible in movement, early in sexual maturity, and high in egg production, but their eggs are small and their meat quality is slightly poor. More representative are Jinding Duck, Shaoxing Duck, Gaoyou Duck and so on. Fujian’s Jinding Duck has an annual production capacity of 260 to 300 eggs and an egg weight of 60 to 80 grams, followed by Shaoxing Ducks in Zhejiang Province and Gaoyou Ducks in Jiangsu Province, with an egg production of around 250 eggs. Second, the duck selection, breeding and hybrid use (a) how to choose duck duck breeding good or bad, a direct impact on the growth rate of offspring, physical size and egg production performance. How to choose? The method is as follows: I. Body appearance is an important feature of a breed, and it is also the main basis for productivity. Therefore, the selected duck must have the inherent characteristics of the breed, and at the same time should focus more on the choice of economic type. (1) Selection of male drake: Large head, thick neck, deep chest and prominent, wide and long back, mouth flush, large and bright eyes, thick legs and strong, robust, lively, fast growing, tight feathers , shiny, strong libido. (2) Selection of female ducks: For the purpose of egg production, the female ducks should be long and plump but not obese, have long mouths, large and flexible eyes, small heads and slender necks, thick legs, and between the legs. The width is wide, the chest is deep and wide, the hips plump and droop without rubbing the ground, the tail is wide and flat, walks steadily, the food is strong, the feathers are fine, and the stripes of the duck are fine. If the purpose is to produce meat, choose a duck that has a long body, a wide back, a deep and prominent chest, plump feathers, slow movement, gentle temperament, and fast growth. 2. Select according to productivity (1) egg production. The egg production power is related to factors such as the maturity of the duck, the morning and evening of the moulting period, and the weight of the egg. Generally speaking, the age at the time of opening is early, the feathers are late, the egg type is large, the duration of egg production is long, and the egg production is high. On the contrary, the egg production is low. (2) Meat production. Meat production is one of the important indicators for the selection of meat ducks, including body weight, growth rate, fattening ability and meat quality. Therefore, it is better to choose the fastest growing and the same weight in the same group when selecting seeds. (3) Fertility. The fertility of ducks usually refers to egg production, fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate of ducklings. The level of fertility is closely related to economic efficiency. High fertility results in large economic benefits, and vice versa. (2) Techniques for breeding ducks (1) Appropriate age of ducks: The adapting age of male ducks varies from species to species, and is generally 5 to 8 months of age. During this period, the drake is energetic, and the female ducks are also fertile. (2) Ratio of male and female ducks: If the present method is adopted, the group matching method is generally used. However, the proportion of males and females must be appropriate, and too many or too few male ducks will affect the fertility rate. The ratio of males and females is roughly as follows: Meat ducks 1:4-8; dual-use ducks 1:8-12; egg ducks 1:20-25. (3) The useful life of breeding ducks The breeding ducks are generally changed once every two to three years, because the highest egg production in the first year is 10-15% in the following year, and the decline is 15-25% in the third year. The eggs produced by the above ducks have significantly reduced the fertilization rate and hatching rate. The ducklings have not developed well and the mortality rate is high. Therefore, the female ducks should be eliminated by the fourth year. The useful life of meat female ducks should be shorter than that of egg ducks, and it is generally eliminated until three years. The breeding age of egg-duck is generally 2-3 years. Meat ducks are generally 1-2 years old. (3) How to identify the sex of ducks Feeding ducks need female ducks. Feeding duck males and females is beneficial to management respectively. Therefore, sex identification of ducklings has certain economic value. 1. The appearance identification method generally has a large head, a narrow nostril, a line of mouth along the mouth, a round body, a pointed duck with a small head, a relatively small round nostril, a flat body, and a loose duck with a tail. 2. The sonic tube, also known as the lower throat, is located at the top of the trachea bifurcation. The drake here has an enlarged spherical tympanum with a diameter of 3--4 mm. It can be grasped from the chest outside the body and the duck does not whisper. 3. Touch the anal discriminating method left hand to support the newborn ducklings, making it back to the sky, belly down, with the thumb and forefinger lightly clip the neck, with your right thumb and index finger gently flat under the anus, first forward press, with If you feel backwards, if you feel that there is something protruding from the size of its granules or rapeseed, it is a male duckling, otherwise it is a female duckling. 4. The anal veritometry method holds the newborn ducklings in the left hand, gripping the neck of the duck with the middle finger and ring finger, head outwards, belly up, and become supine. Then use the right thumb and forefinger to separate the feces around the anus to squeeze out the meconium, gently open the anus and allow it to eversion. Ducks can see about 4 mm of protuberances (penis) in the ducklings, while the mother ducks have no or only residual marks. (d) Hybridized commercial ducks can be produced using economic hybrid methods. For ducks produced in the cross between male ducks and mother ducks, the hybrid dominance rate is quite obvious. Third, the duck's nutrition and feed The basic nutritional elements of duck are generation energy, crude protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, multi-dimensional and trace elements. There are different requirements for the quantity and quality of nutrients required for the growth stages of different production uses. The feed is mainly based on corn, soybean meal, fish meal and other raw materials. How to formulate and produce compound feeds? First, the quality and quantity of raw materials must be taken into account. The price of raw materials must be taken into consideration. The purpose of the formula is to make the formulated feeds nutritious and affordable, ie to achieve high productivity and low production costs. effect. Due to the complexity of the technology in this area, only a more applicable method is introduced here for your reference. First, feeding standards: to find the corresponding species, the nutritional requirements required for the feeding phase, such as the Beijing duck 1-21 days stage, generation of energy 2800 kcal / kg, crude protein 21%, crude fiber 3.5%, calcium 0.9, phosphorus 0.6%, etc., recorded. Second, based on the approximate formula of raw materials for accounting preliminary formula. The proportion of dietary raw materials generally requires 40-60% of grain-type feeds (corn, barley, etc.) (2-3), bran (wheat bran, rice bran, etc.) feed 10-20%, and vegetable protein ( Soybean meal, cotton kernel cake, vegetable cake, etc.) 10 to 20%; animal protein feed (fish meal, etc.) 3 to 10%; green, juicy feed (green material, etc.) 10 to 20%; mineral feed (bone meal, shell powder Etc.) 2-7%; salt O.3 a O.5%. In the case of allowed diets, a formula is initially dispensed, and the nutrient content table of commonly used feeds is looked up and the nutrient content of the preliminary formula is calculated. Third, the initial formula and feeding standards compared to finalize the feed formula. If an indicator is high or low, it is added or subtracted from the raw material with a low or high level of the indicator until it meets the basic criteria. The recipe at this point has already been completed. Note that trace elements, vitamins, etc. in some indicators are generally purchased as finished products, and do not have to be prepared by oneself. Self-preparation techniques are more complicated and may cause problems. There are suitable feed purchases on the general market, you can choose to purchase. In addition, as regards feeding standards, manufacturers supplying seedlings are generally provided for reference. Fourth, ducklings feeding and management Ducks from the shell to the 50-day-old ducklings, which are divided into young and middle-daughter period. Juvenile period refers to ducks from hatching to 21-day-old, which is the most critical period in the entire duck production. Because the newly hatched ducklings are still weak in physical quality, they cannot adjust their own body temperature and are sensitive to temperature, such as Ventilation and insulation are not good, often respiratory diseases (such as colds, etc.); Second, the development of digestive organs of ducklings is not yet perfect, poor digestion, feeding care a little attention, prone to intestinal diseases (such as enteritis, etc.). Therefore, the quality of brooding work not only directly affects the survival rate and growth of young ducklings, but also affects the growth, fattening and laying of eggs. (a) Selection and transportation of newborn ducklings 1. The selection of newborn ducklings should be made at the same time with shelling, uniform size, good umbilical cord contraction, great eyes, more active, shiny hair, and a vigorous duckling caught on the hand. All ducklings with abdomen, sudden dullness, dullness, blinking, crippled feet, deformity, and underweight are generally low in survival rate and grow fast. If selected as a duck, it must also meet the characteristics of the breed. 2. It is advisable that the hatching of newborns should not exceed 36 hours. At the time of pick-up, the ducklings were placed in a straw-studded bamboo basket with a diameter of 80 cm and a height of 25 cm. Each contained 50 eggs. Tian Liang covered with a thin cloth and covered the quilt during the cold season. During the pick-up, we must constantly look at the situation of ducklings and find that overlapping piles should be promptly opened. Avoid sun, rain and cold winds. 3. After feeding the ducklings of the ducklings, the ducklings can be fed and drank. Before the feeding, first the tide, also called "water". It is to put young chicks in bamboo baskets first. Then gently put the basket into shallow water, immersing it in the instep, allowing it to freely drink water. The time is generally 5-6 minutes and should not be too long, but it is necessary to make young chicks drink only water. After the “tidal waterâ€, the young chicks were placed on soft hay and allowed to automatically groom their hair until the hair shaft began to feed for the first time. Another method is to spray some water on the young chick's body to encourage each other's water droplets. Note that regardless of the method, it should be carried out in a warm environment. Early drinking water is beneficial to the elimination of waste in the body and the absorption of residual egg yolk. The first feeding is also called "opening food". The opening of food should be carried out within 24 hours after hatching. If the food is eaten too late, the old mouth will be eaten, which will affect the growth and development of the young chicks. . The starting material can be grated corn or broken rice. The principle is that it is rich in nutrition, easy to digest, good palatability and easy to smoke. Generally, it is cooked and soaked before being fed, and 30 eggs can be fed with cooked egg yolk. The method of feeding is to sprinkle the feed on a straw mat or a plastic cloth so that the duck can feed on it and eat with it. Some young chicks who will not eat can sow the feed on other chicks to induce them to feed. The first 3 days can not be fed too full so as not to cause indigestion. Therefore, we must master the principle of feeding less, feeding 80% each time, feeding 6-8 times a day. “After starting food, gradually transition to the use of full-price “flower materialsâ€, and the number of daily feedings should still be maintained 5-6 times. The young chicks do not understand hunger and satiety, and they must observe the digestion of the young chicks regularly and adjust the feeding amount over time. If you find that there are more feeds in the crop, you will need to reduce the amount of food that you need to feed, if necessary, only feed water and not feed.4. Management of ducklings (1) Basic conditions and requirements 1 Requirements for heat preservation :Usually used to incubate young method.No matter what method is used to give temperature, generally require the temperature of the first week of warming umbrella 32-30 °C, room temperature 25-24 °C; thereafter every week decreased 1-2 °C.From the 5th week Keep room temperature at 18-20 °C (egg ducks can be 1-2 °C lower) 2 Feeding trough and drinking fountain preparation: The requirement for feed troughs and drinkers is to facilitate the water intake of ducklings, only the head Feeding in the feed and drinking water, but not allowing the ducks to enter, is not only clean and sanitary, but also does not waste feed and water. When the newly hatched ducklings are fed, the available size is 6035 cm and the edge height is 2.0-2.5 Centimeter of the tray, each feeding tray can feed 50 ducklings. 2-week old ducklings can be replaced with long troughs or discs Hey, the depth of the trough is about 4 to 5 cm, and a feed trough of about 6 meters is needed for every 500 ducklings.The freshly hatched ducklings are best used with automatic drinking fountains;they can also be made of tinplate, pottery, jars, etc. When in use, put a tile at the bottle mouth to allow water to flow out.After 3 weeks, you can switch to a drinking trough. Each 500 ducklings needs a 4 meter long sink. The depth of the water should be kept in the nostrils that can be immersed in the duck. 3 Brooding House Sterilization: Before the ducklings enter the house, the brooding house must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The disinfection method can be disinfected with an organic acid disinfectant, such as farm music, etc., and 1-3% caustic solution can be used. The 5% bleach solution or the 3-5% phenolic soap heat solution is used for disinfection, see the instructions for specific use.The brooding chamber is sealed and vacant for 2-3 weeks after sterilization, and the chicks will be picked up. (2) Suitable brooding temperature Suitable temperature It is an important external cause for the healthy growth of young ducklings, and newly hatched ducklings are often drowsy and rest under a heat source because of fatigue.If the temperature is too high, it will lead to dehydration and death, the temperature is too low, and the ducklings will be piled together and cause injury. Residues also affect the growth and development.Therefore, we must give the temperature as required. Appropriate, can be observed through observation.If the ducklings lively, normal appetite, indicating that the temperature is appropriate; if the ducklings cry, squeeze each other under the heat source, this is because the temperature is too low.(3) timely drinking water Feeding and freshly hatched ducklings are very sensitive to dehydration, so pay attention to timely water supply and add 0.01% of multivitamins and glucose to the water to replenish body fluids and enhance vitality.3 days later, 0.02% antibiotics water may be prepared from time to time. Allow ducklings to eat to suppress harmful bacteria and microorganisms in the intestine.The drinking fountain is constantly watered and relatively fixed.The temperature of drinking water in winter is preferably 15-20 °C to reduce body heat consumption and promote the metabolism of the body. l There is an eating behavior in 2 hours, and it should be started in time. The feeding method of ducklings is generally to eat less meals (4) The growth rate of male and female ducklings feeding male and female ducks is different in the duckling stage. Therefore, the feed consumption is not the same. If the mixed group is wasted on feeding the male ducks, feeding on the female ducks will also affect the growth and development of the male ducks. Therefore, male and female breeding can guarantee the uniformity of growth and development and reduce feed wastage or shortage. (5) Reasonable density, light and ventilation 1 Density: Each group should not exceed 200-300 feathers. Within 2 weeks the density is 35-30 feathers/meter 2, 3 weeks 30 to 23 birds/meter. , 4 weeks 22-20 pigeons / m 2, 5 weeks 20-18 pigeons / m 2, from 6 weeks the density is ♂ 5-6 feathers / m 2, ♀ 10-1 2 feathers / m 2, and according to the male and female Strong and weak rational grouping. 2 Illumination: Strong light can be maintained in the first week, allowing it to adapt to new light as soon as possible, so as to facilitate feeding and drinking, and gradually reduce the light intensity. In the first week, the illumination per square meter is 1.5-3 watts, and the time is 24 hours; in the second and third weeks, it should be reduced to 0.5-0.7 watts per square meter, the time is 23 hours, and then it is kept at 0.5 watts per square meter, and the illumination time It is suitable for 12 hours. 3 ventilation: ducklings are sensitive to oxygen deficiency, if the duck wheezing shows oxygen deficiency, it is necessary to quickly change the air. Fifth, the feeding and management of fattening ducks The more advanced fattening methods are used for house fattening. Feeding and fattening is mainly through limiting the activities of ducks and feeding more starchy feed to promote muscle fullness and fat accumulation. For fattening ducks, fattening duck feed is generally used according to the standard. On the basis of adopting free food intake, we should minimize the time for exercise and release of water and avoid the consumption of heat energy. In the summer, we must do a good job of reducing the temperature in the defensive department and open all doors and windows so that the air in the house can be circulated. If necessary, water can be sprayed on the roof or sprayed down with well water in the room. It also allows the duck to be exposed on the playground all night. The high temperature at noon in the summer, duck feed intake, at this time can feed some green material. Early morning and evening temperatures are low and ducks have a good appetite. Therefore, early morning feeding and extended night feeding should be performed. Feed it early in the morning, feed it late at night, and try to keep the ducks full. In order to keep the ground warm in the winter season, floor mats can be thickened. The thickness of litter should be more than half a metre in order to reduce the influence of cold weather on the ground. Due to the low temperature, the ducks used to maintain more feed, so increase the amount of feed. The winter days are long and long nights. Feeding at night is a little late, and you have to feed enough to feed. If necessary, add a few pieces of crushed groats in the evening. VI. Feeding and Management of Reserve Ducks Ducklings are raised to 60-70 days old. If they need to be kept for seed use, they can choose to keep their male and female ducks according to the selection criteria. If they are used as commercial ducks, only female ducks can be selected and they cannot be used as species. Duck female ducks and ducks should be fed to fatteners or sold immediately. At this stage, the duck body is no longer as delicate as a duckling and its adaptability is enhanced. Therefore, the feeding and management are relatively simple. (1) Feeding and management of grazing ducks are often done this way. Before grazing, select the route and location to see if you have food along the way. I can't go too fast at the start. I'm too far away. I have to slow down the river. Don't be too hasty. Try to choose a flat road or use the surface of the ditch to make advancement. Do not climb over steep slopes and congestion through narrow roads. When the weather is hot, do not allow the ducks to walk too many mud roads in the sun, nor can the ducks stay on the shore for too long, and must often rush to Hanoi to swim and drink. In the first 20 days after the rice was inserted, the ducks could not be put into the fields because the seedlings were not stable yet. If they were put into the ducks, they would move and affect the growth of the seedlings. This period can only be grazing on ponds, rivers, and lakes. This is called "hiding." During the yellow ripening process of the rice of Goutou Scatter, about 20 days or so, the duck group cannot enter the paddy field. This is called “hidden yellowâ€. It is necessary to find another grazing site so as not to interfere with rice production. During the grazing period, it is possible to decide whether or not to feed the natural feed. When natural feeds are abundant, there is no need to feed them; otherwise, some concentrate feeds should be properly supplied. Reserve ducks should make full use of natural conditions to persist in grazing, which can enhance the duck's physique, exercise resistance to heat, cold, and wind and rain. It can also adapt to the wild grazing environment, exercise diving and feeding capacity, and cultivate healthy ducks. (II) Feeding and feeding management Feeding generally refers to feeding in a shed where there is a playground (in or around the home). In the absence of grazing conditions and need to feed, the following points should be mastered: (1) The reserve duck has rapid growth, rapid weight gain, strong digestion, high food intake, and needs more nutrition, and should be fully supplied, especially calcium and phosphorus. The need for protection, in order to maintain the normal development of bones and internal organs, laid the foundation for laying eggs. (2) Concentrate should not be too much, especially animal feed. Otherwise, it will often lead to premature start of production, the body weight will not reach the standard, the duration of egg production will be short, the production of eggs will be small, and the eggs will be small. (3) In a good climate, keep at least 5 hours of exercise or riverbank daily. Otherwise, it is easy to over-fat and affect the performance of laying eggs. (4) In order to prevent the ducks from becoming precocious and having excessive body fat before labor, they should be controlled and kept 30-40 days before the start of production to reduce the nutritional level of the diet, reduce the number of feedings, feed twice a day, and control the food intake. If ducks are hungry, they can give more green feed, which can achieve the purpose of controlling egg production and preventing excessive fat. VII. Feeding and management of laying ducks (bred ducks) Feeding ducks and ducks requires more eggs and better quality. If used as an egg, it also requires high fertility and hatchability. Therefore, in terms of feeding and management, it is necessary to create and provide various favorable conditions so as to increase the egg production of ducks. (I) Grazing-based feeding and management The method for rearing ducks and ducks in the rice-producing areas in China is mainly grazing, which has always been the practice of putting ponds in spring and putting rice in autumn. The following points are mentioned as follows: 1. Spring spring warming, natural feed gradually increased, is the most vigorous seasonal cut of duck eggs, but also a good season for breeding. Therefore, the main task in raising and management is to increase the egg production of ducks and ensure the quality of eggs. After the winter, the female body becomes thin and weak, and it is necessary to pay special attention to nursing and feeding, increase the feed, and restore its constitution. At this time, natural fodder-rich areas should be selected to strengthen grazing so that ducks can eat feed such as small fish, shrimp, spirochetes, and aquatic plants. When grazing, it is necessary to master the principle of “fast rushing on empty stomach, full waking in time, rushing in the morning, driving in the afternoon, climbing up and down, and digging through dikes and dams. For the duck to feed more feed, the grazing land should Change frequently, choose a pasture land should not be too far, and it is better to go back and forth for no more than two hours, in the case of natural feed, the whole season may not feed; in the case of insufficient natural feed and less feed in early spring pasture, Feed some barley, rice, corn and other feeds daily, and feed some animal feeds and mineral feeds as appropriate. The number of feedings depends on the duck laying rate, generally three times when the egg production rate is 50-60%. When the egg production rate is over 70%, feed 4 times, one of which is fed at night and 70% of it is full before grazing in the morning. During daytime grazing, ducks can also feed on some natural feeds: at night, they should feed more because Long hours in the night, if the ducks are hungry, they will inevitably disturb and affect the production of eggs, so they can feed pellets at one meal in the evening.The composition of supplemental feed: protein feed accounts for 30 to 40%, Gushi feed accounts for 30 to 40%. , green and juicy feed 20 to 30%, bran feeds account for 10%, mineral feeds account for 5%. Spring temperatures and water temperatures are still relatively low, and ducks cannot be kept in the water for a long time, and they must go ashore to bask in the sun, but they can't ignore spring water release. Before freezing, the ice on the surface of the water can be broken so that the duck can find food in the water.At the same time, the early release of water is conducive to the physiological needs of the duck, so that it can lay eggs early.2. From spring to spring, ducks in the summer The body becomes weak and has a tendency to lose weight, which tends to be more apparent after June.In order to prolong the time of egg production, attention should be paid to the adjustment of feed while more grazing should be done to make use of natural feeds such as water grass and small fish as much as possible. , snails, insects, etc. During the summer harvest, when the weather is cool in the morning, the grain can be eaten in the rice field (wheat field), and the number of feedings can be determined according to the duck's feeding conditions. Some concentrate-based mixes and appropriate amount of green fodder should be added, and drinking water should also be taken care of.Because ducks do not like to drink hot water, drinking utensils should be placed in a shaded place, and clean drinking water should be provided at night. summer Seasonal grazing should pay attention to the Department of Defense, go back to the shade at noon and go to rest in the shade at night. When the weather is hot at night, ducks should be brought to the bath. Do not grazing in the hot paddy fields and shallow ponds at noon, otherwise it will be hot and hot. The body, or causing hair loss, stops laying eggs, and prevents ducks from being burned on hot surfaces, especially on stone roads, to prevent the feet of the ducks from getting burned. After the department, the weather is getting hotter, and the mother ducks go through several months of laying. The decrease in egg production and the occurrence of physiological moulting production stoppages, in order to enable the fall to recover egg production in advance and shorten the period of obstruction, it is best to perform artificial forced moulting at this time (artificial forced moulting method, described in detail later). 3. Fall is the time when adult ducks start moulting and when ducks (spring brooding) open their eggs. In the summer, artificially moulted ducks have begun to lay eggs, which is the second egg production period of the year. Moulting changes greatly in terms of physiology, and in addition to careful management, nutrients such as protein and phosphorus-containing, sulfur-containing feed (bone meal, gypsum), etc., must be provided for moulting to accelerate moulting. Time to lay eggs early . Autumn is the harvesting season for rice. Ducks can eat a lot of corn in the fields. However, in the fall, the amount of rain falls, the lack of aquatic weeds, and lack of animal feed. Animal feeding must be supplemented at night to increase egg production and extend egg production. Such as fishing feces, or catch shrimp, jaundice and so on. Cooked and smashed, the intestines were mixed and fed in the bran feed, or 5 to 10 9/6 of the fishmeal and meat powder were added, or 20% of the beancake was added, and fed before the duck at noon and in the evening. Each piece of paddy field can only be put once, otherwise, because of the shortage of rice, it will affect the production of eggs. When the feed in the paddy field is eaten, the ducks will be moved to the lake beach, grass pond or river to be stocked. Autumn is also the season for adjusting ducks. Ducks (mostly low-yielding ducks) and sick ducks should be eliminated as soon as possible. 4. Winter is the most important period of season management. One of the main tasks during this period was to restore Laoya's physical power after moulting, so that it could still produce eggs or lay eggs earlier; in addition, it was necessary to add feed to ducks still producing eggs, even if they stopped production. Some fine material will make laying ducks (duck breeders) not too thin for the winter, laying a good foundation for laying eggs in the spring of next year. In winter, the time for ducks to grazing is reduced, and natural feed is also low. However, when the ducks spend more winter, they have more feathers and consume more nutrients. Therefore, we must pay close attention to supplement feeds, especially protein feed supplements, such as fish, shrimp, snails, clams, fish meal, bone meal, blood meal and other animal protein feeds, such as fish, shrimp, snails, clams, fish meal, bone meal, blood meal, etc. Animal protein feeds, vegetable protein feeds such as bean cakes, peanut cakes, and rapeseed cakes, and mineral feeds such as bone meal, loquat powder, and eggshell powder. Of the supplementary feeds, protein feeds accounted for 30 to 40%, cereal feeds accounted for 30 to 40%, green feeds accounted for 20%, bran feeds accounted for 10%, and mineral feeds accounted for 5%. The time for grazing should not be too early in the morning. It should wait for the sun to come out before grazing. Graduate early in the afternoon and go into shelters in the evening. If there is thin ice on the surface, you should also knock on the ice to release water. If you encounter snowfall, only put water once a day. It is best to stop at 1pm after snow stops, release water for a maximum time of 20 minutes, and put the snow on the riverwalk before releasing water. Sweeping away must not allow the ducks to tread down the river. In winter, the ducks are not active. They often stay on the ground except for food and eat. They must be choked on the ground and called “boiled circles†to increase the movement of the ducks and have a good effect on reducing the fat and increasing the egg production rate. Usually three times a day in winter, it is best to use warm water spices. Drinking temperature should not be too low and prevent freezing. (II) Feeding management mainly based on feeding The above-mentioned feeding and management methods are applicable to ducks for eggs (hay ducks), and meat ducks (such as Beijing ducks) generally use feeding methods or feed The owner, animal husbandry is a shop. The advantage of the house feeding method is that the ducks live in a warm and comfortable environment. The winter and spring rains, autumn rain, and yellow mold season can produce eggs as usual. It is also easy to manage and is suitable for small-scale family feeding. Feed is the material basis for high production of ducks. To ensure that the ducks are full and eat well. Should pay attention to the feed mix, constitute a balanced diet, feed varieties to be diversified and relatively stable, do not often change, but can not have to eat. It is best to buy matching materials in the human market. In the use of batch materials, it must be based on the egg production rate, climate, heat, weight, make appropriate changes, do not treat the same situation. Cereals can be powdered, granular, half or all powdered and mixed with other feed water and mixed into dry and wet. Fresh food (below) must be cooked thoroughly. Green feed must be fresh and uninterruptible. Beijing ducks are generally fed 4 times a day and night, that is, 9:00 am, 3 pm, 9 pm, and 3 pm: ducks are fed twice a day, generally consuming 3-4 mixes per day, and green material 3 - 4 two. Ducks are generally fed three times a day, feeding at early, middle, and late times, hot in summer, and early in the morning (5 o'clock), with a late meal (7 o'clock); long winter nights can be fed with some pellets. . In order to supplement the minerals, put some shells, egg shells, etc. in the food bowl to allow the duck to eat freely. Both the clinker and the raw material are 2.2-2.5 during the production of eggs, and the green material is 2-4. The proportion of green and fine materials is generally 50% each, but it should be based on the specific circumstances. If the laying duck is too fat, the proportion of grass can be increased; for ducks that do not produce eggs or artificially forced moulting, the forage can account for more than 70% of the concentrate, up to a maximum of 150%. In the absence of green feed, malt can be fed and the effect is very good. In spring, the warming of the climate will increase cleanliness and epidemic prevention, in addition to increasing the time for ducks to spend their time outdoors. In particular, during the mildew rain season, the weather is wet, the feed is prone to mildew, and the epidemic is also becoming prevalent. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of epidemic prevention and keep the duck house clean and dry. The feed trough and drinking fountain should be washed frequently. Hot weather in summer. There should be shade and pergola outside the house. At night, you can spend the night outside. The windows in the house should be fully opened. The sand should be removed from the ground to keep it dry. Some grass or eucalyptus can be cut to make it dry. This can create a cool environment. , but also play a role in disease prevention. There is a large temperature difference between day and night in autumn, and sudden changes in feeding and management conditions must be minimized, otherwise the egg production rate will be affected. In the autumn, the sunshine duration is getting shorter and artificial lighting can be supplemented at night to increase the egg production and extend the egg production period. Each square meter of duck house should have a light source of 4-5 watts, and the bulbs should be installed 1.8-2.0 meters above the ground, so as not to leave dark corners. The time for supplemental lighting should be constant. Each morning and evening, the lighting time should be on and off for 14-16 hours every day and night. For this purpose, two sets of lighting equipment should be provided in the house, some of which are light and can be used as a duck for rest; some strong light lighting is used for feeding and stimulating activities, and kerosene lamps can be used in areas without electric lights. The central task of winter feeding and management is to make insulation work. Shop clean and dry grass, must be removed every day, turn over the sun. It is best to use warm water and spices, drinking water is also used warm water, to prevent eating snow and drinking ice water, to avoid the suspension of production. Ducks can still be released when the climate is not below -10°C and there is no gale. However, when the temperature difference between the home and the outside is too large, before the duck is released, the window should be opened first to allow the cold air to flow in slowly. When the temperature inside and outside the home is approaching, the duck is released again to avoid a cold. Many ducks lay eggs in the latter part of the night, usually starting from about 1 o'clock in the middle of the night and reaching the maximum at 3 to 4 o'clock. In spring and summer, the egg production time is earlier, the egg production is concentrated, the winter is later, and the laying time is longer. In addition, egg-laying nests have a great influence on ducks' egg production. In the winter, there is a lack of grass mats or wet grass, even if the feeding conditions are good, it will affect the production of eggs. Therefore, we must pay attention to adding mat grass, diligently change the sun, keep the mat grass clean and dry, not only conducive to laying eggs, but also to avoid contamination of duck eggs. It should also be pointed out that the females sometimes produce abnormal eggs, often called abnormal or misshapen eggs, more common soft shell eggs, and even shellless eggs. The reason for this is mainly due to the lack of calcium and vitamin D. In the case of premature birth or tubal inflammation, soft shell eggs can also be produced. One of the methods of prevention and treatment is to add some calcium-rich mineral feeds, such as eggshell powder, shell powder, stone powder, etc., to the diet; the other is to give the female duck a quiet environment and avoid being frightened when it lays eggs. . (3) Man-made forced moulting ducks have continuous egg production for a few months, continuously consume nutrients in the body, or suffer from dehydration and moulting due to imperfect nutrients in the diet and poor management. During the moulting, the female ducks The egg production was reduced or even stopped; the eggs produced were not of good quality and were easily damaged; and the natural moulting time was longer (about 4 months), and the initial production of eggs after the moult was also uneven, affecting the duck population. The breeding management and hatching of eggs. In order to maintain the balance of egg production in ducks, to win eggs in autumn and winter, and to supply more meat ducks in winter, part of the production ducks (bred ducks) can be artificially moulted in the summer and recover eggs in the short term. . The time for manual forced moulting should be determined according to the feeding conditions, the egg production rate of the duckling group and the hatching season, etc. It is generally conducted in July and August. In the early part of June in Beijing, most of the people in Guangdong had artificial moulting in the early spring (before and after Mang). If the duck production rate drops to 30%, some ducks have already started moulting, and they are not in the hatchery season, and they can also perform forced moulting. Forced moulting is divided into three steps: Discontinued production is also called "close the egg", that is, in a few short days, the mother duck from the production of eggs into eggs. The ducks that are to be forcibly moulted are kept in the shed without grazing. The darker light is kept in the house. The bedding and excrement are not removed. The feathers are intentionally contaminated. The first two days are fed only twice during the day and the amount is normal. Half of the amount, the amount of night does not feed. On the 3rd and 4th days, only aquatic plants and fresh water are supplied, or no feed is fed for 2-3 days in a row, but only drinking water; roughage (barn bran, aquatic weeds, cereals, sweet potatoes, etc.) is given three days later. Due to the rapid changes in living conditions, the feathers of the front and back of the duck have fallen off one after another. The roots of the main wing feathers, aileron wings and tail feathers have been dry, clear, and hollow. At this time, artificial pullout can be performed. 2. Plucking feathers must be observed before the plucking of the duck's physiological changes in detail, to determine whether it has arrived at the right time. One change is pigmentation in the mouth and feet. For example, the mouth and feet of the Beijing duck can change from orange to yellowish and finally to white. The second feature is the contraction of the muscles of the two muscles. The third feature is the rooting of the plumes. "This is one of the most important features before the plucking. The so-called "shelling" refers to the tip of the plume of the extracted feathers without the blood and the tendons. After the above situation occurs, pull it out. When plucking feathers, grab the duck's wings with your left hand, then use your right hand to move from the inside to the outside, and try to pull from the first to the tenth. First pull out the main wing feathers, pull out the aileron feathers, and then pull the tail feathers. If the test is not too strenuous, pull out the roots without the tender tips or blood, you can do it all at once; otherwise, you can pull it out every 2-3 days. 3. After recovering the females, they resume their normal feeding and management gradually. However, increasing the amount of feed can not be rushed. There should be fewer to more, from coarse to fine, gradually transition to normal. In addition to feeding twice a day during the day, it is added once a night, and vitamin feeds and mineral feeds (such as gypsum) are added to the diet to promote feather growth. Houses should be covered with fresh hay every day, and cool and cool in the summer, so that the new feathers can be collected 25-30 days after the old ones are removed. Artificial forced moulting from production to egg production, about 35-45 days. After the duck pulls the plume, it is not appropriate to release water and grazing on that day. Therefore, the wounds of the pores do not heal, and the release of water and grazing can easily infect the bacteria. It is best to let the ducks rest for a day and then release water and grazing, but the time is short and the location is near. Gradually increased later, and to prevent the rain to get wet, l0 days after pullouts to resume normal management. When forced moulting, separate the male and female ducks to prevent damaging the female ducks. During the first two days of reduction.è¦ä½¿æ¯åªé¸å都能åŒæ—¶é‡‡é£Ÿï¼Œä»¥é˜²é‡‡é£Ÿä¸å‡ï¼Œè¾¾ä¸åˆ°æ™®é控制采食é‡çš„目的。
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