Rice grows from seed germination to grain maturation. After rooting, long leaves, tillering, panicle differentiation, booting, flowering, filling and maturation, each growth period has external conditions such as temperature, moisture, air, light, and nutrients. There are different requirements. Only by grasping its growth pattern and continuously improving rice cultivation techniques can we achieve the goal of high yield and stable production.

The life of rice is roughly divided into two stages. From the germination of seeds to the differentiation of young panicles, it is a vegetative growth stage. It is mainly built into vegetative growth organs and provides sufficient material conditions for reproductive growth. From the young ear to differentiate into rice formation, it is the reproductive growth stage, this period is mainly long panicle, flowering, filling and fruiting. It constitutes organs for production. At the same time, according to the significant changes in the external ecological environment of rice, it is divided into several fertility periods. These periods usually include: seedling stage, transplanting green stage, tillering stage, maturation stage, heading and flowering stage, and grain filling stage. , yellow mature period and so on. These two phases and these growth periods are intertwined, closely linked, and mutually restrictive.

2. Rice irrigation control technology

Rice is a hi-water crop. It requires a lot of water from sowing to harvesting. However, the water needs of rice are different at each growth stage. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the law of water requirement at each growth stage of rice and to use scientific water to seize high yield and stable yield of rice. One of the important measures.

2.1 Overview of Rice Water Saving Technology,

The relationship between rice and water is very close. People call rice a aquatic crop, which shows that it can not be separated from water. Rice needs to grow under certain conditions of water. This is its physiological needs, but it is also necessary for rice. The ecological environment cannot be separated. People say that rice is a water crop, but rice does not have to maintain the water layer at every stage of its growth. Sometimes the field requires shallow water and sometimes no water layer. In practice, rice is a semi-aquatic crop, which lays a theoretical foundation for the application of new techniques for water-saving irrigation in rice.

The old methods of land preparation and irrigation, mainly water preparation, deep water irrigation, flood irrigation, resulting in soil compaction, poor ventilation, is not conducive to the development of the root system, so generally low yield. High-yielding rice must reform the land-stripping irrigation technology of rice fields, increase the vitality of rice roots, and make rice have a good living conditions. The high-yielding experience of rice is: "To root the water," "Gas to raise roots," "Take root leaves," " "Increase production with leaves"; second, "water, fertilizer, gas and heat," these four conditions interact with soil fertility, adjust fertilizer with water, adjust water with water, adjust temperature with water, dry, wet and dry, strengthen roots and protect leaves, and increase yield.

In water, fertilizer, gas, and heat in paddy fields, water is the main aspect of contradiction. Using water to regulate air, water to regulate temperature, and water to regulate fertilizers can effectively promote the growth of rice. This is rice. The basic principle of water-saving and high-yield irrigation technology research. Water-saving irrigation has many advantages.

2.1.1 Update the ecological environment of the soil, increase the oxidation-reduction potential, eliminate harmful substances, prevent rot, and promote root development.

2, can inhibit the excessive absorption of nitrogen, inhibit the effect of ineffective delivery, and can improve carbon nitridation in rice plants, promote good fruiting, prevent pests and rice stems and stem rickets.

3, make the soil oxidized, potassium oxidation can increase, so that the stem tissue of rice is not hard and lodging.

4. It can increase the release of available nutrients in the soil, promote the decomposition of organic matter, and provide good conditions for the growth of rice in the next stage.

5, so that the rice plant can not only obtain the necessary water, but also make it feel less oxygen, water, fertilizer, gas, heat and other factors have been properly adjusted. In the early stage, the temperature difference between day and night in the soil can be increased, prompting early delivery of the childbirth, and raising the rate of spike formation. In the medium term, it can limit the excessive absorption of nitrogen, control the occurrence of invalid tillers, delay the sealing, control the blade angle and the internode elongation, increase carbonitriding of rice plants, promote fertility conversion, and improve lodging resistance. In the later period, it can prevent premature senescence of roots and leaves, which is conducive to the accumulation of photosynthesis and dry matter, so that rice grains will be full, live rods will be mature, and the weight of one thousand grains will increase.

6, rice populations, coordinated growth, can form a high-yield plant type (high-yield plant type is the top of the three short leaves, the following three short internodes) to give full play to the high yield of rice.

7. Reasonable regulation of rice ecological water consumption, such as field leakage and inter-tree evaporation, reduced the loss of nutrients in paddy fields. The ability of rice to resist diseases and insect pests increased, resulting in high yield and high yield of rice.

2.2 The water requirement law of rice

Water is the “total switch” of fertilizer and is also the “regulator” of air and temperature in the soil. Therefore, water directly promotes and controls the growth of rice. It is of great importance to seize the high yield of rice by doing a good job of water management. The water demand of paddy rice and the water consumption of paddy fields mainly include three ways: "evaporation between trees, transpiration of leaves, and leakage in fields.

2.2.1 Evaporation between trees: It is the amount of water consumed between plants (called ecological water requirement).

2. Foliar transpiration: It is the phenomenon that the water that the crop will absorb from the soil passes through the stomata of the leaf and evaporates into the atmosphere (also called physiological water demand).

3. Underground Leakage: When the soil moisture in the root activity layer of rice exceeds the saturated water volume, gravity water infiltrates below the root activity layer.

According to the data obtained from many years of observational tests, the daily water requirement of rice is 7.0 mm for the tiller and 8.6 mm for the joint of the panicle. There are two peaks of water requirement for rice during the entire growth period, the first time in the tillering period (the peak is mainly formed by evaporation between the trees). The second peak was during the jointing stage of the booting (the peak was mainly formed by transpiration of the foliage). The peak of evaporation between trees is due to the low number of plants in the early stage of rice, the small leaf area, and the ability of sunlight to fully irradiate the surface of the water, so the evaporation between the trees is high. With the increase of the number of plants and the increase of leaf area, the transpiration of leaves gradually increased. The average daily water demand reached the maximum peak of 8.6 mm at the jointing stage of booting, and gradually decreased afterwards. This is the entire water demand rule of rice.

2.3 Controlled irrigation of paddy fields and Honda management technology

2.3.1 Nursery Technology

The farmer said well: "Half a rice is good, and the yield is high." Rice seedlings play an important role in rice growth throughout the year. The use of "control irrigation" technology in the drought-raised and sparsely-cultivated rice crops in the cold regions puts forward higher requirements for seedling raising, and the cultivation of robust seedlings, and the advantages of "controlled irrigation" technology can be more effective. At present, the advanced breeding techniques for cold rice are greenhouses, “dry farming,” (ie, dry land preparation, dry farming, drought sowing, and artificial watering). The main technical links of “Drying and Raising” are as follows.

2.3.1.1 Selection of Parenting Sites

Choosing good nursery plots is an important part of "controlling irrigation of rice". To choose a high-rise and flat leeward sunny, close to the water, fertile soil, good permeable ventilation, water and fertilizer, adequate sluice, irrigation and drainage convenient dry field plots. To remove the roots and stubbles in the fall, plow 10 cm manually or mechanically, and level and smash. Every 15 acres of Honda area needs a pure green area of ​​100-125 square meters.

2. Identification of varieties and seed treatment

Identify rice varieties. To choose suitable for the local early maturing varieties. To select varieties that have been planted in the local area for 3-5 years against rice blast and high seed setting rate.

The first accumulated temperature zone: For example, Songjing No. 8 (Pine 98-128), Songjing No. 9 (Pine 98-122), Mudanjiang No. 26 (Mu 98-594), Mudanjiang No. 27 (Mu 99-881), Mudanjiang No. 29 (Mu 98-1130) and Longdao No. 5 (Ha 99-744).

The second accumulated temperature zone: for example, Longjing No. 17 (Longyu 99-390), Longxu No. 18 (Longjiao 01B-1330), and Longjing No. 19 (Longxuan 99-196).绥粳 7 (绥98-199), 绥粳8 (绥02-6222), 绥02-6159, 绥02-6007, 绥02-7015, 龙盾104 (龙盾97-1), 垦Indica No. 10 (垦92-509), Japonica 11 (垦00-1113), Japonica 12 (垦99-34), Longdao 4 (ha 99-85),), Longdao 6 ( Ha-99-245), Longdao 7 (ha 02-220), Salsa and so on. The main push Dragon Rice 7

The third accumulated temperature zone: For example, Longjing 13 (Longhua 96-1513), Longjing 14 (Dragon D99-904), Longjing 15 (Longpin 02-1), Longjing 16 (Dragon D99-709) Indica rice 11 (垦00-1113), No. 3 (绥92-188), No. 20, Longyu No. 1126.

Airing seeds: Choose sunny weather, dry the seeds on a dry field, spread the sun for 2-3 days, enhance the permeability of the seed coat, reduce the concentration of germinating substances in the seeds, stimulate the activity of the seed pods, and break the seed dormancy In the period, the seeds are dried uniformly, absorb water evenly, germinate neatly and increase the germination rate.

Slurry selection: At present, the general use of mud water selection, remove the floating valley.

Soaking and disinfecting: Dissolve the seed disinfection agent (currently Shibaoke, make 100 grams) into a container, add water to dissolve evenly as required, and then put the selected rice seeds into the soaking, soaking time, main and water Temperature, water temperature 15 °C, need to soak 5-7 days, such as the water temperature below 15 °C need to soak 8-10 days. Generally 100 pounds of water soaked 80 pounds.

Germination: Germination sowing is conducive to rapid emergence, emergence of seedlings, seedlings robust, the current general method of germination in two ways. Fire germination and shed pregermination can be.

3, seedbed production and seeding

Prepare the bed (nutrient soil). 70% of dry field bean soil and 30% of soil of humus grass soil are mixed evenly, and the strong scorpion agent is added, and the mixture can be evenly mixed (the nutrient must be used in accordance with the dosage of the instruction, without adding any fertilizer).

Leveling the bed surface padding. After the bed surface is flattened and finely ground, the scorpion piece is spread, and then the nutrient soil is covered with a 2 cm thick nutrient soil and the bottom water can be poured once.

Sowing: Suitable sowing time is from April 10 to April 20. The seedlings were planted above the ground temperature above 11.5°C. Germination rate of more than 90% of rice seeds. Spread 0.5-0.6 pounds per square meter evenly. The rice seeds were pressed into the soil, and the cover soil was 0.7 cm. The maximum thickness was not to exceed 1.0 cm. After sowing, the herbicide was used to control the herbicide.

4, Putian period management

Emergence period: from sowing to emergence as a closed period. This period should be warm and moisturizing. The temperature in the shed during this period shall not be lower than 10°C-12°C, the suitable temperature is 25°C-30°C, and the maximum temperature shall not exceed 35°C. If the temperature is normal, the leaves will be exposed in 7-9 days. During this period, the seedbed moisture should not be too high, and the seed roots should be promoted.

In this period, if you find that the bed surface is a bit dry, you must use your feet in time.

One leaf to two leaf and one heart period; this period takes 5-7 days, is a leaf stretching period, the sheath leaf root elongation, the management focus of this period is, the ground control 1 leaf sheath within 3 cm height, underground hair scabbard Foliage root elongation. The suitable temperature is 20°C-25°C, watering as little as possible, proper replenishment at the dry place, and green ventilation on this occasion. Pesticides that prevent litter blight should be poured once in one leaf and one heart (see the control of this space, the control of bacterial wilt).

Two leaf one heart to three leaf one heart; this phase takes 5-7 days, is the two leaf extension period. On the ground, 1 cm to 1 cm of auricles should be controlled from 1 leaf to 2 leaves, and the roots incompletely promote the growth of roots. The suitable temperature is 20°C-24°C. In the morning or evening, observe whether there is dew on the tip of the seedling, if there is no dewdrop, if the new leaf is unrolled and the field surface is dry, it is necessary to timely replenish water. In this period, pay attention to ventilation and increase the ventilation opening. Uncover the night cover.

Trefoil to four-leaf one-hearted period; this period takes 7-9 days, is the clover extension period. Ground control 2 to 3 ear spacing 1 cm, control 3 leaves about 8 cm long. The suitable temperature is about 20°C. If the yellow seedlings are found to be defertilized, 25 g of ammonium sulfate per square meter can be used in the 3-leaf stage, and 2.5 kg of leaf can be sprayed on the water and sprayed with clean water after spraying. In this period, it is necessary to increase ventilation and reduce the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the shed. In this period, we should also control physiological bacterial wilt and bacterial wilt, and if it is found, we should immediately flush and clean horse water.

Preparation before transplanting: After uncovering the film, the seedling grass should be manually removed, chasing the marrying fertilizer, fighting the medicine to prevent the leaf miner, and reaching the purpose of carrying the fertilizer and the medicine.

2.3.2 Control irrigation for Honda and field management technologies.

Soil preparation, fertilization, and field

Land preparation should be based on autumn, the depth of plough layer should be 20-25 cm is appropriate, autumn turning land is conducive to drying the soil aging, insect control grass.

Fertilization: Apply urea 80-100 kg + diammonium phosphate 100 kg + potassium chloride 150 kg / ha (basal fertilizer must be applied before the release of water) during the drought-preparation of basal fertilizer.

Soaked fields: Soak in the fields at the beginning of May. The water should be poured from high to low, from far to near. After 3-5 days soaking, water preparation is performed. The standard for water preparation is to paste the pine underneath, the medium-sized mud is moderate, there is water and gas, the ditch is clear, the water is straight, and the ground is like a mirror. The ground level is like a mirror. It means that the height difference of the same field block does not exceed 3cm. There is no partial face pool: the surface of muddy water in the loose paddy field of upper fingering paddle is soft and lively, the lower soil aggregate is larger, the pine is loose, and the air permeability is good. This is good for transplanting and inserting. After returning green, it is conducive to the development of the root system. The ditch is clear and smooth, as straight as the line is to guide the canal system to repair and remove obstacles, and the drainage ditch is deepened and reinforced. Ensure unobstructed irrigation and drainage, keep the field straight, reinforce and prevent leakage. Herbicides are then used for soil sealing treatment. At present, most herbicides such as butachlor or farnesol are used in an amount of 0.5-1.0 kg/ha (when using butachlor, it is best to use it after replenishing it. Nongsi it Apply when you pour water.) Keep water for 5-7 days, so that the water layer falls naturally when it reaches the water.

After transplanting rice in Honda, they must be transplanted and returned to green, tiller, jointing in booting, heading and flowering, and grain filling and yellow ripening. During each growth period, application of controlled irrigation technology has clear requirements and standards.

2.3.2.1 Transplantation to Green Stage

Transplanting plants are generally planted between May 13th and May 20th in order to expose leaf sheaths in the new born tiller leaves of the region with 10% of plants.

When paddy rice was transplanted, the water was kept in the field and the clear water layer was not established after transplanting, which changed the traditional method of submergence in returning water to the green without mud. Seedlings of good quality rice turn green time about 6-8 days after transplanting, seedling quality is not good about 10-12 days. (The rice has a three-yellow period. The first period is the later period of Putian, the second is the end of the tillering period, and the third period is before the harvest). This means that before transplanting, the seedlings must be fully yellowed and a large amount of dry matter must be accumulated. The sugar content of the seedlings must be increased. That is, the wind is good and the seedlings can be well-knitted so that the seedlings inserted into the ground can increase the cold resistance to the enemy. Ability and drought resistance. The lower limit of soil moisture control in this period is 36.4%-46.8% of soil moisture content. Occupies 70%-75% of the saturated water content of the soil, with the field cracks (6-8 mm) and ground dry skin as the standard. If the seedlings are established immediately after transplanting, the rice will grow roots, and the rice will be inundated, causing windy weather. Floating seedling phenomenon. After the establishment of the water layer after transplanting to green, the surface phenomenon is that the seedlings are greener than the leaves that do not establish the water layer, and the water layer is not established. On the surface, the ground is dark and inconspicuous, but no water layer is actually established, except that the incidence of pests and diseases can be reduced. (such as leaf miner flies), can also make the surface soil directly love the radiation of the sun, which will help increase the temperature of the soil, make the roots of rice grow faster, increase the amount of white roots, and take a deep root, which is conducive to early returning to green tillering, giving birth to rice, medication, and sealing. Grass lays a solid foundation.

Transplantation field management. Transplanting specifications: Drought breeding and sparse planting are generally based on dilute sowing and cultivation. The Honda planting density is from the past 8 inches 3 inches 3 plants per square meter 37. 5 points = 112.5 strains = 112.5 plants per acre dense planting, reduced To 9 inches 4 inches 3 = = 25.0 points per square meter = 75.0 strains = 750,000 per planted or 9 inches 7 inches per plant, 14.2 points per square meter = 28.4 = 284,000 per mu Or 9 inches 8 inches 2 strains, 12.5 points per square meter = 25.0 strain = 250,000 strains per acre. Sparse planting and sparse planting are conducive to giving full play to the effect of tillering and planting, but it is easy to obtain high yields (cultivation is due to differences in soil conditions, weather conditions, species, and production levels, etc., and local conditions are preferred, meaning that when fertile fields are inserted in small amounts, when thin field is used When dense plant).

(2) During the rice transplanting period, it is necessary to spray a pesticide for the control of the ground tiger on the large side of the field to prevent damage to the planting seedlings (usually cypermethrin).

2.3.2.2 Delivery period

In the early stage of delivery: from 10% of rice plants till the time when 50% of rice plants have tillers. If the transplanting period is May 15th, the beginning of the tillering period should extend from May 23 to June 11 or so.

Mid-delivery period: from 50% of rice plants with tillers to field total stems to reach 80% of design spikes during the tillering period. If transplanting time is May 15, the mid-delivery period should be from around June 12 to June 26.

At the end of delivery: The total number of stems in the field reached the tillering period of 100% of the design number of panicles. About from June 27 to July 6, about 8-10 days.

Water management in the tillering stage: The minimum soil moisture control limit at 0-20 cm in the initial stage of tillering is 85-90% of saturated water content. The upper limit of control is the saturated water content; the lower limit of the soil moisture control in the 0-20 centimeter layer in the middle of the tiller is 80% of the saturated moisture content, and the upper control limit is the saturated water content; 0-20 cm root layer soil moisture control at the end of tillering stage The lower limit standard is 70%-75% of the saturated moisture content. The upper limit of control is saturated water content.

However, according to practical experience, there is a requirement for herbicide and fertilization at the beginning of delivery and mid-delivery period. In this period, in conjunction with the application of Yanfen herbicide, we need to establish a 30-50 mm layer of water. During the tillering period, if the weather is dry, we should generally fill 4 times of water. , such as reconciliation of rain water can be filled with 3 times, specifically:

The first irrigation is about May 23, irrigation 20 mm, combined with irrigation water for the first time sub-fertilizer, ammonium sulfate 100 kg per hectare + urea 50 kg.

The second replenishment of manure water is between May 27 and May 29, with a replenishment of 30-50 mm. Combine the application of Yangfei herbicide and herbicide; apply 100-150 kg of urea and aroquinine 3 to 4 and add 15 straws per hectare of rice and no straw.

The third replenishment takes place approximately between June 2nd and June 4th, such as irrigation of 30-50mm, and it naturally lags behind. See if there is valerian in the post and in the leaking pond, and if it is used, kill fleas (quinacryline). Spraying on stems and leaves was performed so that the herbicidal effect was nearly 100%, and the extra field grass was manually removed.

The time of re-control at the end of delivery should be based on the growth conditions of rice seedlings, soil quality, fertilizer, and climatic conditions to determine the appropriate time and degree of irrigation control. The specific approach is to: 80% of the total number of seedlings is controlled early (around June 20 or so.) Second, see the seedlings, rice seedlings grow too busy, seals are too early, should be re-controlled. Three to see leaf color. Dark green leaves should be controlled early. Four to see the weather, rainy days should grab sunny sunny days. Look at fertile soil, fertile soil and high groundwater levels for early control. From June 25th to July 5th, combined with control of Tiantian irrigation, 150kg/ha of potassium chloride was applied.

Field management during the tillage period: Field management at the early stage of delivery focuses on the control of grasslands, leafflies, and negative mudworms to promote early delivery and delivery. In the late postpartum period, the control of invalid childbirth and the prevention of rice blast disease have led to the healthy development of rice. To lay a solid foundation for the booting of rice to create a good environment for rice sturdiness.

The jointing and booting period is generally from July 7 to July 26, which lasts about 20 days. In the early stage of booting, from the jointing of 10% rice to 80% of the rice plant jointing. At the late stage of jointing, 80% of the rice plants were pulled out of a rice field of 10% of the flag leaf (the standard of rice jointing is that the length of the first elongating stalk at the base of the stalk is 1 cm, which is changed from flat to round).

When irrigation is controlled, the water layer is generally not required to be established at this stage. The lower limit of 0-30 cm root soil moisture control at the early stage of jointing of the booting stage is 90% of the saturated water content, and the upper control limit is the saturated water content. The lower limit of 0-30 cm root soil moisture control in the late pregnancy is 95% of saturated moisture content, and the upper limit of control is saturated water content (in this period, if there is rain, rain can be stored, but the time should not be too long).

Pregnancy is the critical period of water requirement during rice growth. During this period, the growth of rice plants increases rapidly. The growth of roots is also the most common period in rice. The leaves of rice plants grow in succession, and the leaf index of the population will reach the highest. Peak, rice growth will also be transferred to the panicle, so rice is sensitive to climatic conditions and water and fertilizer response, the rice field can not be water and drought, otherwise it is easy to cause less floret differentiation and degeneration, ear small, low yield, so be timely Irrigation, so that the soil moisture saturation. This period also depends on the weather conditions. If it rains, it can store rainwater and reduce irrigation quotas to save labor and save energy. The practice in the roots over the past few years has proven that there is basically no need for irrigation during this period of injury, because this period is in the rainy season, coupled with the flourishing of plants, the sun cannot reach the ground, and the soil moisture content can always reach saturation.

In the field management during the pregnancy and withdrawal period, water is poured once at the end of the tillering period (approximately from June 25 to July 7), and potassium chloride is applied to about 100 kg to 150 kg/ha. After seeing the appearance of the rice and weather conditions, if the temperature is high and the weather is fine, the rice will be topped with fertilizer, and about 70-90 kg/ha of urine can be applied around July 14th. After that, it is necessary to pay attention to light rain, heavy rain, drain, and adjustment. Stimulate the roots and protect the leaves. During this time, we must excise the grass and prevent the occurrence of rice blast.

2.3.2.4 Heading and flowering period

The heading and flowering period is generally between July 30th and August 10th, about 15 days, and the extraction period: the heading period (date of 10% of the entire rice ear with leaf sheath exposed), heading period (the whole area 50% of the date at which the tip of the ear of rice was exposed. Full heading date: (80% of the ear area of ​​the panicle has exposed the leaf sheath). Rice has strong photosynthetic activity at heading and flowering stage, and has a strong metabolism. It is a time when rice needs more water in its life. During this period, drought and water shortage will reduce the rice photosynthesis ability, affect the synthesis of organic matter and the development of spikelets, and increase the degradation and infertility of spikelets. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate and control the relationship between water and oxygen in the soil and try its best to protect the root system, extend the life of the root system, raise the roots and protect the leaves, quickly accumulate organic matter, and increase the seed setting rate of rice.

In the control of irrigation, no water layer is established in this period. The lower limit of 0-40 cm root soil moisture control is 90% of the saturated water content, and the upper control limit is the saturated water content. In the event of rain, rain can be stored.

Heading, flowering, field management, cutting grasses, preventing stem and stem rot

2.3.2.5 Milk ripening

From the middle of 10% of the ear of the grain to the grain of the ear of rice until the yellow. Generally between August 11 and August 28, about 18 days (directly related to temperature and weather).

This period of irrigation management can not be ignored, otherwise easily lead to a decline in output 0-4 cm root soil moisture control lower limit standard is 75% of saturated moisture content, the upper limit of control is saturated moisture content, if you encounter rain weather, rain can be stored, but Not more than 5 days.

According to relevant data, it was found that 60-80% of the total amount of carbohydrates formed by the upper leaves (ie, flag leaves, inverted 2 leaves, and inverted 3 leaves) of rice, and accumulated dry matter accounted for 70 percent of the dry matter weight of a rice's life. %about. The organic material produced by the upper parietal lobe (referred to as the inverted 3-leaf) is basically fed to the rice ear and is no longer conveyed downwards. Nutrients caused by the lower leaves are transported to the root and lower internodes. Therefore, it is necessary to raise rice roots, protect three leaves, grow spikes, and attack large grains. It is beneficial to rice aeration, rooting, leaf protection, grouting, and improving grain weight and yield.

2.3.2.6 Yellow ripe period

The yellow ripening period is generally between August 29 and September 18, and it will take about 21 days. 80% of the grains of the plants were yellowed when they were yellow.

During the yellow ripening period, the lower limit of soil moisture control in the paddy field is 60% of saturated water content. If the rice grows in the late days of drought, it should be saturated with water for 10-15 days before cutting (in this period, because no water layer has been established, irrigation of the water will not affect harvesting). If the water is discharged early in this period, the soil is seriously deficient in water. , It will cause premature aging of rice, affect rice yield and rice quality, serious water shortage can reduce 20-30%. If there is more rain in the autumn, you may not use this water.

In the field of yellow ripening, the rice should be harvested at a suitable time after ripening, and the seed can be harvested before frost. The best time for harvesting is that the branch of the top of the ear should have two-thirds of its yellowing and dryness, the base of the ear should turn yellow, the appearance of the whole ear should lose its green color, and the color of the stem and leaf should turn yellow. In the case of excessive water and fertilizer, although some stems and leaves are still green, but the grain has turned yellow, it should also be timely harvested.

3, "control irrigation" in the water should pay attention to several issues

3.1 When soil moisture is 70%-75% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, it is most beneficial to the growth and development of rice roots.

2. Control irrigation indicates that the yield of early maturing cultivars is relatively high, the late maturing cultivars are relatively low, and the later the ripening cultivars, the more delay the growth period of water deficit, and the study shows that under the condition of long water stress, the growth period of rice Prolongation is before the full heading period, which is the "nutrition" growth period and reproductive growth.

3. In the period of productive tillering and germ cell formation, long-term low soil water potential, the apparent seed setting rate decreased.

4. During the fertility period; the period of the most sensitive response to the low soil water potential is the initial stage of grain filling.

4. Rice Survey Projects and Standards

4.1 Field Survey Projects and Standards

4.1.1 sowing date: the date of sowing the day.

2. Seedling stage: The period when the first complete leaf of the plant is expanded into a trumpet-shaped stage to the period of transplanting.

3, return to the green period: transplanting to the whole area with 10% of the plant's neonatal tiller blade tip exposed before the sheath.

4. Pre-harvest period: At the beginning of childbirth, 8% of the plant's newborn childbirth reveals leaf sheaths.

5. Late parturition: 80% of the plants have emerged till 10% of the plants begin jointing (that is, the degree of elongation between the stem and internodes of the plant base: 1cm or more.)

6. Jointing and booting stage: Before the beginning of the jointing stage, 10% of the plant's ear is drawn out of the flag leaf.

7. Heading and flowering period: At the beginning of earing, 10% of the middle ear of rice plants enter the milk before ripening.

8, milk maturity period: the beginning of the milk period to the middle of the ear of rice with 10% plant into the yellow before

9, yellow ripening period: yellow ripening to 80% of the plant's grain yellowing.

10, Honda's whole growth period: from the time of planting to mature harvest.

11, the whole growth period: from the seedlings to 80% of the whole area of ​​rice ear base 2/3 of the grain to a glassy, ​​nails are not easy to crush the degree of the date.

4.2 Fertility Survey Contents and Methods

4.2.1 Number of basic seedlings: The number of rice seedlings that survived after the rice had returned to green (the number of tillers should be included if there were childbirths).

2. Bifurcation: Observe the number of seedlings at each point through fixed points to investigate the dynamics of increase and decrease of tillers, and the maximum number of tillers. Observe every 5 days after the start of labor and observe every time from the peak of the tiller to the heading period every 2-3 days.

3. Plant height: The height from the soil surface to the highest tip of each hole before heading, and the height from the soil surface to the highest crest (not even awn) after heading.

4. Leaf age index: The number of leaves in a certain growth period accounts for the percentage of the total number of leaves of the main stem.

5. Leaf area index: The ratio of total area of ​​leaf surface in farmland to farmland area.

6. Dry weight: The weight of plants, roots and total dry matter on the ground should be determined separately.

7. Root traits: Including the number of hairy roots (the number of hairy roots at the base of the stalk), root distribution, and root volume (volume, fresh weight, and dry weight of single-rooted roots).

8. Appearance: Within each major growth period, determine the photo with a fixed-hole in the field.

9, lodging: visual record of lodging date, reason, degree, area.

10, the degree of lodging: in five levels.

Level 0: The plant does not fall.

Grade 1: Plant inclination does not exceed 150.

Grade 2: The plant inclination is between 150-450.

Grade 3: Plant inclination between 450-850

Level 4: Plant inclination above 850

Lodging area: visual inspection, expressed in square meters

11. Rice blast disease:

Ye Hao: survey at full heading stage, grade 6

Level 0: Disease free

Grade 1: The plant leaves have needle-sized brown spots.

Grade 3: The lesions on the leaves of the plants were 1-2 mm in diameter with grey spots and brown edges.

Level 5: Plant leaves have typical lesions, and the area of ​​damage is 26-50% of the leaf area.

Grade 9: The whole plant died.

The ear stem pods (including frugal) were investigated at the early stage of yellow ripening and were divided into six grades.

Grade 0: No disease.

Grade 1: The incidence of plants in the region is less than 1%

Level 3: The incidence of plants in the region is lower than 1-5%

Level 5: The incidence of plants in the region is lower than 6-25%

Grade 7: The incidence rate of plants in the district is lower than 26-50%

Grade 9: The incidence of plants in the region is less than 50-100%

12. Insect pests: leaf miners and rice stem borers prove the date of occurrence and degree of harm.

4.3 indoor test

4.3.1 Spike length: The length from the ear tip to the tip of the ear (not even awn).

2. The number of effective panicles: The number of seeds per panicle is more than 5, and the number of panicles (the number of panicles caused by disease and insect damage is also calculated as the effective panicle).

3, the number of grains per panicle: including solid grains, empty grains (grain is completely empty grains, grouting less than 2/3 of the grain size), and the number of grains shedding.

4. 1000-grain weight: The average weight of 1000 grains of Yanggan grains taken from two random days was converted into 1000-grain weight of standard moisture content (13%-14%), and the difference between the two weights should not exceed 3%.

5, output:

(1) Theoretical output refers to the output calculated from the number of effective panicles per unit area, the number of grains per panicle and the 1000-grain weight.

(2) The actual output refers to the production of rice that is singled out, sun dried, and dried.

6, the proportion of cereal grass: the ratio of dry weight of rice and straw.

March 31, 2007

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Blending Application Technology

Base fertilizer: urea: 80-100 kg/ha

Diammonium phosphate: 100-150 kg/ha

Potash: 150 kg/ha

Top dressing: ammonium sulfate 100 kg + urea 50 kg/ha (7-9 days after insertion)

Urea 100 kg/ha (12 days after inserting)

Potassium 150 kg/ha (June 25-July 1)

Urea 60-80 pounds/hectare (July 13 - July 16 pour two-leaf tip)

NPK

Lower base fertilizer: 119 kg +100 kg +150 kg = total 369 kg/ha

Top dressing: 250 kg +- +150 kg = total 400 kg/ha

Upper limit base fertilizer: 158.5 kg +150 kg +150 kg = total amount 458.5 kg/ha

Top dressing: 270 kg + 50 kg + 150 kg = total 420 kg/ha

Total ceiling: 878.5 kg/ha

Total lower limit: 679.0 kg/ha

Cumulative limit: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

428.5 kg 150.0 kg 300 kg =935.49 yuan

Lower limit accumulation: 369.0 kg 100.0 kg 300 kg = 811.86 yuan

Phosphoric acid diamine = 1.35 yuan per catty

Urea per catty = 0.94

Potassium = 1.10 yuan per kilogram

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