First, check the packaging:

1. Look for labels. According to national regulations, fertilizer bags must clearly show the product name, nutrient content, grade, trademark, net weight, standard code, factory name, address, and production license number. If any of these details are missing or incomplete, it could be a fake or low-quality fertilizer.

2. Check the seal. Pay close attention to bags that have noticeable sealing marks or appear to be resealed. This might indicate that the fertilizer has been tampered with or adulterated.

Second, examine the appearance and color:

1. Urea: Usually white or light yellow, in granular, acicular, or prismatic crystal form. 2. Ammonium sulfate: White crystals. 3. Ammonium bicarbonate: White or variegated powder or granules; some manufacturers produce larger flat spherical particles. 4. Ammonium chloride: White or light yellow crystals. 5. Ammonium nitrate: White powder or light yellow granules. 6. Ammonia: Colorless or dark liquid. 7. Lime nitrogen: Grayish-black powder. 8. Superphosphate: Gray or light brown powder. 9. Calcium superphosphate: Dark gray, gray granules or powder. 10. Calcium magnesium phosphate: Grayish-brown or dark green powder. 11. Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, and Potassium: Grayish-brown or dark green powder. 12. Rock phosphate: Fine powder in gray, brown, or yellow. 13. Nitrophosphate: Gray granules. 14. Potassium sulfate: White crystals or powder. 15. Potassium chloride: White or light red granules. 16. Monoammonium phosphate: Gray or dark gray granules. 17. Diammonium phosphate: White or light yellow granules.

Third, check the smell:

Liquid with a strong ammonia odor is ammonia water. Fine particles with a distinct ammonia smell are ammonium bicarbonate. A sour taste indicates heavy calcium phosphate. Lime nitrogen has a unique, pungent smell. If superphosphate has an extremely sharp and sour odor, it may have been made using waste sulfuric acid, which can be harmful to crops and even cause damage.

Fourth, dissolve in water:

Take 1 gram of fertilizer and place it in a clean glass container. Add 10 milliliters of distilled water, shake well, and observe. If fully dissolved, it's likely a nitrogen or potash fertilizer. If partially dissolved with residue, it may be superphosphate. If it dissolves but still smells like ammonia, it could be ammonium bicarbonate. If it doesn’t dissolve but produces bubbles and has a calcium carbide-like smell, it’s lime nitrogen.

Fifth, burning test:

Place a teaspoon of fertilizer on red-hot charcoal and observe. If it burns vigorously with smoke and an ammonia smell, it’s ammonium nitrate. If it makes a popping sound without an ammonia smell, it’s potassium chloride. If there’s no violent reaction but an ammonia smell, it could be urea or ammonium chloride. If it reacts with ammonium sulfate, it may not be real phosphate fertilizer.

Sixth, qualitative testing:

To distinguish between superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate, take a small sample and dissolve it in a little distilled water. Use a pH indicator paper: if it’s acidic, it’s superphosphate; if neutral, it’s calcium magnesium phosphate.

To identify potassium chloride or potassium sulfate, add 5% cesium chloride solution to see if a white precipitate forms (indicating potassium sulfate). Adding 1% silver nitrate will create a white flocculent precipitate if it’s potassium chloride.

Last but not least, even if the fertilizer appears genuine, its nutrient content might be too low. For example, if the available phosphorus in superphosphate is below 8% (the minimum should be 12%), it’s considered low quality and ineffective. In such cases, collect about 500 grams of the sample and send it to the local agricultural or chemical department for proper testing.

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