1. Look at the label. According to national regulations, fertilizer bags must clearly show the product name, nutrient content, grade, trademark, net weight, standard code, manufacturer's name, address, and production license number. If any of these details are missing or incomplete, it could be fake or low-quality fertilizer.

2. Check the seal. Pay attention to bags that have visible sealing marks. These may indicate that the fertilizer has been tampered with or adulterated.

Second, examine the appearance and color:

1. Urea: White or light yellow granules, crystalline in shape. 2. Ammonium sulfate: White crystals. 3. Ammonium bicarbonate: White or variegated powder or granular crystals; some manufacturers produce large flat particles. 4. Ammonium chloride: White or light yellow crystals. 5. Ammonium nitrate: White powder or light yellow granules. 6. Ammonia: Colorless or dark liquid. 7. Lime nitrogen: Grayish-black powder. 8. Superphosphate: Gray or light brown powder. 9. Calcium superphosphate: Dark gray or gray particles or powder. 10. Calcium magnesium phosphate: Gray-brown or dark green powder. 11. Calcium magnesium phosphorus potassium: Gray-brown or dark green powder. 12. Phosphate rock powder: Fine gray, brown, or yellow powder. 13. Nitrophosphate: Gray granules. 14. Potassium sulfate: White crystals or powder. 15. Potassium chloride: White or light red granules. 16. Monoammonium phosphate: Gray or dark gray granules. 17. Diammonium phosphate: White or light yellow granules.

Third, check the smell:

Fertilizers with a strong ammonia odor are usually ammonia water or ammonium bicarbonate. A sour taste may indicate calcium superphosphate, while lime nitrogen has a distinct, pungent smell. If superphosphate has a very sharp and acidic smell, it might contain waste sulfuric acid, which is harmful to crops and can cause damage.

Fourth, test solubility in water:

Take 1 gram of fertilizer and place it in a clean glass container. Add 10 milliliters of distilled water, shake well, and observe. If fully dissolved, it’s likely a nitrogen or potash fertilizer. If partially dissolved with residue, it could be superphosphate. If it dissolves but still smells like ammonia, it may be ammonium bicarbonate. If it doesn’t dissolve but produces gas bubbles and a carbide-like smell, it might be lime nitrogen.

Fifth, burning test:

Place a teaspoon of fertilizer on hot charcoal and observe the reaction. A strong flame and ammonia smell indicates ammonium nitrate. A popping sound without an ammonia smell suggests potassium chloride. No strong reaction with an ammonia scent points to urea or ammonium chloride. If there’s no reaction but a phosphorus-like smell, it may be a mix-up with ammonium sulfate.

Sixth, qualitative testing:

To differentiate between superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate, dissolve a small amount in water and use pH paper. If it’s acidic, it’s superphosphate; if neutral, it’s calcium magnesium phosphate. For potassium chloride or sulfate, adding a 5% cesium chloride solution will create a white precipitate for potassium sulfate, while silver nitrate will form a white flocculent precipitate for potassium chloride.

Lastly, remember that even if a fertilizer is genuine, its nutrient content may be too low. For example, if superphosphate has less than 8% available phosphorus (the minimum should be 12%), it’s considered substandard. In such cases, collect about 500 grams of the sample and send it to local agricultural or quality inspection departments for further analysis.

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