Recently, the author went to ethnic mountainous area tobacco research. Many smoke technicians and tobacco farmers reported that they planned to promote the use of a part of biological fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers when they were planning the production of new-year tobacco leaves, taking into account the current shortage of expensive chemical fertilizers for tobacco use. They have asked: What kind of fertilizer is bio-fertilizer? What is the role of tobacco field application? How to apply? What problems should you pay attention to? In order to meet their eagerness to understand the basic knowledge of biological fertilizers, the author consulted the soil fertilizer scholars and experts and searched for relevant information. Together with the knowledge they had acquired, this article was prepared for reference only.

I. Promoting the application of biological fertilizer is the way out for modern agriculture

For a long time, there are only two organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in the fertilizer family. Organic fertilizer, also called farmyard fertilizer, originates from the waste of animal and plant organisms and human and animal manure, etc. It is a kind of full-nutrition fertilizer, rich in organic matter and various nutrients needed by crops. It can not only provide nutrition for crops, but also can improve soil physical and chemical properties and fertility. Production practices have confirmed that only applying organic fertilizer can maintain soil fertility and a certain production capacity, but the source of fertilizer is limited, and it is also difficult to increase the output per unit area and meet the needs of economic and social development. Chemical fertilizers are rich in fast-acting nutrients, and the rational use of chemical fertilizers can greatly increase crop yields, which is indispensable at the present stage of sustainable agricultural development. However, the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers also brings a series of negative effects: imbalance of nutrients in the soil, degraded soil quality, strong sealing, poor permeability, reduced humus content, soil compaction, resulting in farmland ecological environment, soil structure Different degrees of damage have, to a certain extent, affected the quality and output of agricultural products. Excessive application of chemical fertilizers reduces the ability of crops to resist pests and diseases, resulting in the large-scale application of pesticides. This not only increases agricultural costs, but also exacerbates the decline in environmental quality and further contributes to the pollution of the ecological environment. Recognizing the hazards of light and chemical fertilizers, countries all over the world have resorted to high-tech means to seek new sources of fertilizers, and biological fertilizers are the focus of research. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, and microorganisms. Biofertilizers are developed based on this principle. They are selected from the soil and acclimated to produce microorganisms that can improve crop nutrition. They use scientific methods to produce various microbial agents. , as a fertilizer application. Bioproducts resulting from microbial life activities that result in specific fertilizer effects on crops. These products are called biofertilizers. They are called microbial fertilizers, or bacterial fertilizers for short, and they are also called microbial agents. Biofertilizer has become the third new type of fertilizer after organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. At present, there are at least 70 countries around the world that research and apply biological fertilizers. China began research and application in the 1950s, and it entered the 21st century and developed rapidly. By July 2006, 511 products had obtained registration certificates from the Ministry of Agriculture. The output accounts for about 1/200 of the total amount of fertilizers, about 750,000 tons, and is currently being tested and promoted throughout the country.

Biofertilizer is a new type of fertilizer that is different in both concept and connotation from chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Its performance is that chemical fertilizers are not available and irreplaceable, and people’s demand for pollution-free, hygienic and healthy foods has become fashionable today. The promotion of biological fertilizers has become an important issue in modern agricultural production.

Second, the role of biological fertilizer

After the biological fertilizer is applied to the soil, the fungi in the soil rely on the nutrient and water conditions in the soil for growth and reproduction. At the same time, they play the role of improving the soil and fertilizer fields and promoting the growth of the crops, and are specifically expressed in the following aspects.

1, the role of manufacturing nutrients. For example, a variety of self-growing, combined or symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria can fix nitrogen in the air under suitable environmental conditions to provide nitrogen nutrition for crop growth.

2, activation of soil nutrients. For example, various phosphorus and potassium bacterial fertilizers can release insoluble phosphorus and potassium from the soil and convert it into a nutrient form that can be easily absorbed and utilized by crops.

3, promote crop growth. The application of microbial fertilizers to the soil not only increases the nutrient content of the soil, but also promotes the synthesis of various vitamins, hormones, and other beneficial crop growth substances, stimulates crop root activity, promotes crop growth, assists crops in absorbing nutrients, and enhances crops. The resistance to stress.

4, anti-reverse disease effect. After the application of microbial fertilizers to crops, microorganisms multiply in the rhizosphere of the crops, forming dominant microbiotas, inhibiting or reducing the chances of reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, and some microorganisms can secrete antibiotics to kill harmful fungi and bacteria.

5, improve the role of soil. After the bio-organic fertilizer is applied to the soil, the beneficial bacteria in the fertilizer multiply and decompose and the mycelium spreads, so that excessive uncomminuted organic matter in the soil is decomposed into an excellent humus soil, thereby improving soil physical and chemical properties and promoting soil aggregate structure. Forming, improve the soil's ability to retain water and fertility.

6, reduce the role of chemical fertilizer application. Biological fertilizers have the characteristics of nitrogen fixation or soil nutrient activation. The amount of fertiliser applied can be appropriately reduced, not only reducing the supply pressure of fertilizer but also saving the cost of agricultural production.

7. Improve crop yield and quality. Application of bio-organic fertilizer, plus activated soil of functional bacteria, comprehensive nutrients, the role of robust growth, beneficial to improve crop product quality, such as reducing the nitrate content of agricultural products, potassium content increased, the total sugar increased.

Due to the above-mentioned effects of microbial fertilizers, the following effects are generally reflected in trials and demonstrations in tobacco fields: Improvement of the rhizosphere environment of tobacco plants is characterized by accelerated root development, more roots, thicker roots, more stable growth of tobacco plants, reduced incidence, and tobacco leaf fall. Huang speeded up. After roasting, the tobacco leaves were golden to orange, bright in color, aroma quality was improved, aroma increased, the aftertaste was comfortable, miscellaneous gas and irritation reduced, and the finest smoke and average price increased.

Third, the types of biological fertilizers suitable for tobacco use, application techniques, and precautions

(I) Biological Fertilizers Suitable for Tobacco Field Application

There are many kinds of bio-fertilizers, including root-leaving fungicides, nitrogen-fixing bacteria fertilizers, phosphorus bacteria fertilizers, potassium-releasing bacteria fungicides and compound bacteria fertilizers. At present, there are two types of trial performance that are more suitable for tobacco fields. One is biological potassium fertilizer and the other is biological organic fertilizer.

1. Biological Potassium Fertilizer

Characteristics: The current application of potassium silicate in the form of silicate. It is a kind of biological fertilizer made by artificial fermentation of high-efficient acid bacteria through industrial fermentation. Potassium bacteria decompose aluminosilicate proto-organic minerals, make it difficult to convert water-soluble potassium into potent potassium that can be absorbed and utilized by crops, and at the same time decompose the ineffective phosphorus that is not easily absorbed and utilized by crops. . After the potassium fertilizer was applied, the available potassium and phosphorus content in the soil increased, and the potassium content of crop plants increased, and the disease resistance and stress resistance of the crop increased. Tobacco is a typical potassium-promoting crop, and potassium is one of the key factors to improve tobacco quality at present. The application of biopotassium fertilizer has practical significance for the general shortage of potassium in tobacco fields.

How to use: Generally, it is better to use basal fertilizer. The application of tobacco root should be as close as possible, and the application amount of 1-2 kg per acre is appropriate. Before transplanting in the tobacco field, fine manure or fine soil can be mixed as a base fertilizer, and it can also be applied as a nutrient soil to mix with the soil. Then the transplanting effect can be better, and it can also be used as a watering root after transplanting. Also add water to dilute roots during transplanting.

2. Biological organic fertilizer

Features: Bio-organic fertilizer is a new type of fertilizer that combines organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and microbial fertilizers. Its characteristics: (1) It is rich in beneficial microbial flora. Bio-organic fertilizers contain fermenting bacteria and functional bacteria, which are generally applied according to the amount of organic fertilizers. The amount of microorganisms added to the soil is much larger than that of general biological fertilizers, thus providing favorable conditions for the propagation of microorganisms and the formation of dominant populations, and has strong nutrient function. Benefits of higher efficiency. (2) easy to use. Bio-organic fertilizers are produced according to the quality standards of commodity organic fertilizer products. Organic matter and nutrient content are: organic matter ≥ 35%, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content is 6%, nutrient is complete, has the advantages of microbial fertilizer and organic fertilizer, and is more compact than farmyard fertilizers. Small, no odor, easy to use. (3) In line with the development direction of ecological agriculture. Bio-organic fertilizer can effectively use organic fertilizer resources, reduce fertilizer use, and reduce environmental pollution.

Usage: General basal fertilizer is good, the application rate is 25-50 kilograms per acre. Before transplanting in tobacco field, mix manure or fine soil for strips and acupoints, and focus on the vicinity of the smoke root system.

(B) Notes on the application of biological fertilizers

The specific role of bio-fertilizers is micro-organisms, and micro-organisms are active under certain environmental conditions. Therefore, the application of bio-fertilizer must pay attention to create a good soil environmental conditions, including fertility, moisture, temperature and pH. In the actual operation should pay attention to several points:

1. Biological and functional bacterial activities, although providing nutrients for the growth of tobacco leaves, and stimulating and promoting the growth of tobacco plants, can reduce the input of chemical fertilizers, but cannot replace chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Attention must be paid to the use of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Only with the application of biological fertilizer can play a role.

2. Biological fertilizers must be applied deep into the soil to prevent sunlight from directly killing microorganisms.

3, biological fertilizer is best concentrated in the vicinity of the root of tobacco, in order to facilitate the formation of a beneficial ecological environment around the roots of microorganisms, promote tobacco growth.

4. Biofertilizer should not be mixed with chemical fertilizers, fungicides or other pesticides, otherwise it will affect fertilizer efficiency.

5, to select quality assured products, pay attention to the product's effective period, in strict accordance with the instructions for use.

6. Bio-fertilizer is still a new product, and its application in tobacco leaf production should be gradually promoted on the basis of experimental demonstration.

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