Causes and Prevention of Fruit Cracking of Kyoho Grape
July 23 04:15:37, 2025
Kyoho grapes are prone to fruit cracking, which can be broadly categorized into two types: physiological and pathological cracking. Understanding the causes and implementing proper prevention strategies is essential for maintaining fruit quality and yield.
Physiological cracking typically occurs just before harvest and presents in two forms: top splitting and pedicle splitting. These cracks tend to be deep, causing the skin and flesh to separate and juice to leak out. Several factors contribute to this issue:
1. **Drought followed by heavy rain**: A period of dry weather, especially from late July to late August when the fruit is ripening, can lead to water stress in the plants. Sudden heavy rains, such as those on August 18-19, 2001, caused severe cracking in over 80% of vineyards in some areas, with good fruit rates dropping below 20%.
2. **Soil compaction**: Clay soils that are poorly drained can become compacted, making it difficult for roots to absorb water properly and increasing the risk of cracking.
3. **Tree vigor imbalance**: In early fruiting stages, weak tree vigor can lead to fruit cracking. Similarly, during the fruit development and late fruiting periods, trees with excessive fruit load and weak growth are more susceptible.
4. **Improper fertilization**: Excessive nitrogen, insufficient phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, along with a high use of inorganic fertilizers, can worsen cracking issues.
5. **Unreasonable pruning**: Traditional methods that remove most of the new leaves leave only 8–10 old leaves per shoot, reducing the plant’s ability to regulate moisture. This makes the fruit more vulnerable to cracking after rain.
6. **High temperatures**: Unusually high temperatures in mid-to-late June in North China can interfere with cell division and increase cell number, leading to structural weakness and cracking. Sunburn from extreme heat also contributes to this problem.
Pathological cracking, on the other hand, is caused by diseases like anthracnose and powdery mildew. The symptoms include peeling of the skin and shallow cracks without juice leakage. Once the disease is controlled, the cracked areas may develop dry spots.
To prevent fruit cracking, several measures can be taken:
1. **Switch to protected cultivation**: Using solar greenhouses or simple cold shelters can help control environmental conditions and reduce cracking.
2. **Improve soil fertility and structure**: Apply balanced fertilizers, with adequate phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Increase organic matter and improve drainage through deep plowing and better irrigation systems.
3. **Use mulch**: Covering the vineyard with mulch helps regulate soil moisture, prevents excessive water uptake, and reduces fluctuations in soil moisture levels.
4. **Control fruit load**: Overcropping can lead to poor fruit quality and increased cracking. Prune appropriately and manage fruit density based on available nutrients.
5. **Adopt proper pruning techniques**: Avoid removing too many leaves. Leave at least 25–26 healthy leaves per fruiting branch to enhance moisture regulation.
6. **Maintain loose soil**: After rain or irrigation, loosen the soil to improve aeration and drainage.
7. **Monitor and spray regularly**: Prevent fungal diseases like anthracnose and powdery mildew. Avoid using ripening agents like ethephon or coloring sugars that can accelerate fruit maturity and increase cracking risk.
By understanding the causes and implementing these preventive measures, growers can significantly reduce the occurrence of Kyoho grape fruit cracking and improve overall yield and quality.
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