The effective management and comprehensive utilization of rural household waste is essential for maintaining a healthy ecological and social environment in rural areas. Unlike urban centers, which typically have dedicated waste treatment facilities, most rural regions still lack structured systems for handling domestic waste. As a result, garbage is often dumped haphazardly along roadsides, in fields, or near water bodies, leading to environmental pollution and health risks.
Rural domestic waste consists of various components, including human and animal excreta, dead plants and animals, coal ash, paper scraps, wood, fibers, metals, glass, ceramics, old appliances, kitchen tools, and batteries. Proper classification is crucial before any treatment can be applied. Organic materials such as excreta, plant residues, and food waste can be processed through composting or fermentation, while inorganic waste like plastics, glass, and electronics requires different disposal methods. This article focuses on the use of fermentation techniques to convert organic waste into valuable fertilizer, particularly using Kinpo-1 fermentation starter.
To begin the process, you only need an appropriate site and the fermentation agent. The Kinpo-1 starter contains beneficial bacteria that thrive best when the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio is between 20:1 and 30:1. Maintaining this balance ensures optimal microbial activity. If the material has a low C/N ratio—such as pure manure—it should be mixed with high-carbon materials like straw or sawdust. In practice, many farms already add some fibrous materials to their waste, which naturally increases the C/N ratio. For example, chicken manure often contains impurities that bring its C/N ratio close to 30:1, making it suitable for direct fermentation without additional amendments.
Materials like straw, sawdust, or rice husks should be chopped or crushed before mixing. If the final product is intended for sale, finer particle size is preferable for better appearance and consistency. For personal use, coarser materials are acceptable. When working with high-fiber materials, adding nitrogen-rich substances like urea solution, chicken manure, or fecal slurry helps balance the C/N ratio. For more precise calculations, refer to specialized guides provided by the manufacturer.
The dilution method involves mixing the fermentation agent with a carrier, such as rice bran, at a ratio of approximately 1:3 to 1:5. Rice bran provides good nutrition and aeration. If rice bran is unavailable, alternatives like corn flour or wheat bran can be used. The mixture should be moistened slightly but not overly wet to ensure even distribution. Fresh manures like chicken or pig dung require less dilution due to their natural nutrient content, while materials like sawdust or old manure may need more rice bran to enhance microbial activity.
Moisture control is critical during fermentation. The ideal moisture level is around 60% to 65%, which can be checked by squeezing a handful of material—if no water drips out, it’s just right. Too much moisture can lead to anaerobic conditions and bad odors, while too little slows down the process. If the material becomes too wet, it should be dried out or mixed with dry materials like straw or sawdust. Adding hot water (around 30–40°C) can speed up the process, but avoid boiling water, as it can kill beneficial microbes.
Oxygen supply is also vital, as the microorganisms in the Kinpo-1 starter are aerobic. Methods like turning the pile, punching holes, covering with breathable materials, or using a blower can help maintain proper aeration. Regular turning ensures even oxygen distribution, while punching holes allows air to penetrate deeper into the pile.
pH regulation is another important factor. The ideal pH range for the fermentation process is between 6 and 8. Most organic materials naturally fall within this range, so adjustments are rarely needed. However, if the pH is too high or too low, lime or acetic acid can be used to correct it.
Fermentation time varies depending on the material. Animal manures like chicken or pig dung typically ferment within a week, with one or two turnings in between. Once the temperature drops below 40°C and the material turns dark brown or black with a mild earthy smell, it's ready for the next step. Over-fermentation should be avoided, as it can degrade nutrients. Artificial cooling, such as spreading the pile thinly, can help manage the process effectively.
In summary, rural waste management can be significantly improved through proper sorting, composting, and fermentation techniques. Using the Kinpo-1 starter makes the process simple and efficient, turning organic waste into valuable fertilizer while protecting the environment. With the right approach, even small-scale farmers can contribute to sustainable waste management.
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