Cyclamen is a perennial bulbous plant belonging to the Primulaceae family. It features round, fleshy bulbs that are typically dark brown and corky on the outside. The top of the bulb contains a short, shriveled stem, from which clusters of heart-shaped, oval leaves emerge. These leaves are often white-netted with toothed edges and have reddish-brown petioles and pedicels. The plant produces large, solitary flowers that hang down like rabbit ears, hence its common name. The flowers come in various colors, including white, pink, red, and purple. Cyclamen blooms during winter and spring, with the best time to view it between December and April.
Native to Greece and the Mediterranean region, cyclamen thrives in warm, sunny, and moist environments but does not tolerate high temperatures or waterlogging. The ideal temperature for growth is around 20°C. If it exceeds 30°C, the plant may go into dormancy, while temperatures below 5°C can cause freezing damage. Therefore, it should be grown in greenhouses during winter, in well-draining, loose, and fertile soil.
Propagation is primarily done through seeds, though bulbs can also be used. Sowing is most effective from early September to mid-October. Sowing too early can hinder growth, while sowing too late may reduce germination rates. Before planting, large seeds should be soaked in fresh water for 24 hours. The soil and pots should be disinfected before sowing. After soaking, place the seeds in a dark area at 20°C, where they usually take about two weeks to root and six weeks to produce their first cotyledons.
When seedlings have three leaves, they can be transplanted into pots in September. During transplanting, care should be taken to keep the original soil intact and to bury the bulb up to one-third or half its depth. Water after planting and provide shade. Cyclamen grows slowly, and by June of the following year, it enters a growth phase. At this stage, regular watering and fertilization are important—apply liquid fertilizer twice a month. Water when the topsoil dries, but avoid wetting the leaves or bulbs directly to prevent rot. The ideal temperature during growth is around 18°C. Too much heat can trigger dormancy and affect flowering.
After October, bring the plants indoors where there's plenty of sunlight and maintain a temperature of 18°C. Keep the soil consistently moist but avoid overwatering. Do not apply fertilizer during flowering to protect the bloom’s longevity.
In summer, cyclamen prefers cool and humid conditions. When temperatures rise above 30°C, it enters dormancy. Poor ventilation during hot weather can lead to bulb rot. Young plants should be placed in a shaded, well-ventilated area and misted regularly to maintain a cool environment. For older bulbs (over two years), provide shade and ensure good air circulation and moisture. This helps them recover quickly after dormancy, promoting faster leaf growth and more abundant flowering.
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