High-yielding water-saving cultivation techniques of cowpea
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March 14 09:16:53, 2019
Kidney beans are grown in large areas in China, with many varieties. Its fresh and tender tempeh is thick and crisp and tender, and it is a good quality fresh vegetable; bean sprouts, seedlings, young leaves, and tender pods are all edible for green vegetables; fresh soybean pods can also be preserved in kimchi, canned and dried. The kidney bean grows fast and the branches and leaves are luxuriant. The stem vines in the adult stage contain up to 21.38% crude protein and are rich in nutrients. It is also a good green feed. One, nurturing strong seedlings Bean seedlings can be used nutrition pods, paper bags or nutritious soil blocks in three ways: 1. Selection of selected adaptability, good resistance to good varieties. As of the 28-2, Chaoyan 901, Shuangfeng No. 1 and high yield No. 4. 2. For seed treatment, apply 10 ml of seed coating agent to 150 ml of water. Mix well and pour over 1 kg of seed until it is evenly distributed. It can effectively prevent seedling blight and other soil fax fungus diseases. 3.Nutrient Soil Preparation Nursery The nutrient soil is based on the principle of loose fertility. Available composted pig manure and non-bean legume garden soil are formulated according to the proportion of 4-6. It is also possible to use 2 manure, 4 horse manure, and 4 mangrove soil. The proportion of preparation. Add 0.3 to 0.4 kg of diammonium phosphate compound fertilizer per cubic meter of nutritious soil, and mix well and reserve. 4. Seed the nutrient soil or paper bag into nutritious soil, and irrigated with water, drying 1-2 days, when the water is appropriate, each seedling sowing 3 species, covering soil 2-3 cm, and then placed in a plastic arch shed moisturizing. In order to raise seedlings, the seedbeds were first watered and the bed soil was cut into pieces with a knife the next day. Each seedling was 1 seedling, and the space between the soil blocks was filled with fine soil. 5. During the period of seedling management in the plastic arch shed, the temperature can be kept above 25° C., and the seedlings will emerge 5-7 days later. The small arch shed is buckled before the cotyledons are unfolded. Cotyledon seedling growth period, the daytime temperature is maintained at 25 °C -28 °C, 15 °C -18 °C in the evening, 1 week before planting, unfolding membrane hardening seedlings, the entire seedling period 30-35 days. Second, site preparation 1. Soil preparation Fertilization soil should be deep smashing fine, made of Qilian groove 1.4-1.6 meters wide, 0.8-1.0 meters wide face, turtle face was turtle shape. In the middle of the ditch, per acre buried bar fertilizer 220 kg (or 1000 kg of chicken manure), plus 15 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 15 kg of superphosphate, 10 kg of potassium sulfate, for boron-deficient fields must also add borax 2 - 2.5 kg/mu, then cover the soil. 2. Colonization of long cowpea seedlings age 30-35 days, planting 2-3 plants per hole. Each row is planted with 2 rows, with a row spacing of 45 centimeters, a hole spacing of 25-30 centimeters, and 2500-3000 holes per mu. Third, water and fertilizer management Cowpea fertilizer but not fertilizer, water and fertilizer management includes three aspects: First, Shizujifei, timely fertilizer. The second is to increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer. The third is to control first and promote it to prevent leggy and premature aging. Plant nutrition is the key to increasing inflorescence and pod formation. Sufficient basal fertilizer can promote the growth of roots and the activity of rhizobial bacteria, form more nodules, make the early stem vines grow robustly, differentiate more flower buds, and lay a foundation for high yield. Basal fertilizer generally applies 2000-3000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per acre, 25-30 kg of superphosphate and 50 kg of plant ash. Before the flowering and sprouting of cowpea, the requirement of water and fertilizer is not high, and the management is mainly controlled. The basal fertilizer is adequate, and it is generally no longer top-dressing. When the weather is dry, it can be properly watered. If there is too much water and fertilizer, the stems and leaves will grow in length, causing the inflorescence to rise and the number to decrease, forming a vacancy in the middle and lower parts. When the plant's first inflorescence pods are sitting, the following inflorescences are expressed in conjunction with topdressing and watered once, with 10–15 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer per acre, and irrigation of 20–30 cubic meters. After scabs, keep the soil moist and apply fertilizer 1 to 2 weeks intervals to maintain robust growth and flowering. Into the pod harvesting period, the need for more water and fertilizer, can be followed by 1 irrigation fertilizer, 10 kg of urea per mu, 20-25 kg of superphosphate, 5 kg of potassium sulfate or 40 kg of plant ash, 20-30 cubic meters of irrigation water Meter. If the supply of water and fertilizers is insufficient, plant growth will decline, and flowering and falling will occur. IV. Plant Adjustment In order to regulate vegetative growth and promote flowering and scabbing, when a large area of ​​long bean is used for single cropping, it can adopt pruning and tipping measures. The main methods are as follows: 1. Wiping side buds will wipe off the lateral buds below the first inflorescence of the main stem to ensure The main man is strong. 2. Beat the lateral branches of the main stem above the first inflorescence, leave 2-3 leaves in the early stage, and promote the formation of the first inflorescence on the lateral branches. After the flood season, the lateral branches will be regenerated on the original flowering nodes 60 to 100 cm from the top of the plants, and the lateral inflorescences should also be preserved. 3. Topping (topping) The main vine grows 15-20 knots (2-3m high) and removes the tip to promote the formation of lower branch buds. 4. Stretch the vine and build it into a 2.2-2.3 m tall inverted truss, or a vertical boring bar per hole, or use a plastic rope to hang the vines vertically. During the growth process, it is necessary to carry out 3-4 vines. 5. Remove the film according to the temperature rise, timely removal of the greenhouse film for ventilation and cooling, which will help grow long bean. V. Pest Control 1. The main pests and diseases are blight, root rot, coal mold, and rust; pests include bean elephant, bean pod, Spodoptera litura, spider mites, leaf miners, and aphids. 2. Control measures 1 Select disease-resistant varieties of seeds, nurturing strong seedlings. 2 Avoid heavy cropping, planting interval should be 1-2 years or more. We must also remove field weeds and crop residues. Pay attention to flood prevention and field ventilation to reduce the occurrence of diseases. 3 Remove the diseased plants in time, and the diseased leaves should be buried or burned. 4 drug control. Before or during the onset of disease, use 200 times the Bordeaux mixture or 50% carbendazim WP 500-800 times or 50% thiophanate wettable powder 600-800 times and other fungicides to prevent fungal disease; 40% music The fruit emulsion 1000-1200 times control aphids to eliminate the source of the virus. Formosan, red spider, and aphid infested on the backside of the multi-habitats, young shoots of flower buds, and tender pods during the growth and development of cowpeas, and their damage was severe during hot and dry seasons. Once found, trichlorphon, killing emulsion, dicofol, and trisphorus, etc. may be used. According to a certain concentration, the backs of the sprayed leaves are sprayed one by one every 7-10 days, and sprayed 2-3 times continuously. In order to prevent insecticide resistance, several insecticides can be sprayed and sprayed. Bean like a cowpea is one of the most serious pests, adults lay eggs on the tender larvae, after hatching larvae eat the beans, the seeds are stored in the warehouse and then feed on the seeds, spray insecticides can be controlled during the flowering period. VI. Harvesting and harvesting of cowpea should be carried out when the grains are not expanded and the soybean meal has not been fibrillated. Usually about 10 days after flowering, the beans begin to be harvested when they are slightly drummed, and harvested once every 4-5 days, and harvested once every 1-2 days during the flood season. When picking, leave a base of about 1 cm, do not touch the bud, in order to facilitate the normal development of late pods. Seeds should be harvested in batches to increase production. When the pod grows yellow, it can be harvested, and the pods can be promptly dried and threshed after harvesting. The harvest season must be picked in a timely manner on a continuous cloudy day. Peel out the dried beans and let it dry when it is fine. If not picked, the bean germinates in the pot and loses its seed value. (Liao Penghui, Liaoning Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research)