With the arrival of the rainy season, watermelon cultivation during the summer months becomes a challenging period. This is when watermelons are most vulnerable to various diseases, and one particularly problematic issue is "watermelon death" caused by soil-borne bacteria. It can affect both seedlings and mature plants, but it tends to be more severe in the later growth stages, especially under high temperatures and heavy rainfall. The earlier the rainy season begins, the longer the duration of rain, and the heavier the rainfall, the more likely this disease will occur early and spread rapidly.
The disease typically starts at temperatures between 5°C and 37°C, and its onset often coincides with peak rainfall periods. Once it appears, it can quickly become widespread and cause significant damage to the crop.
Symptoms of the disease include dark green, irregularly shaped water-soaked spots on the leaves. When humidity is high, these spots may look as if they've been scalded by hot water. In dry conditions, they turn light brown and become brittle, easily breaking apart. The base of the vines may show spindle-shaped, water-soaked dark green spots, which lead to severe rotting of the stem. As the disease progresses, the entire affected part dies.
On the fruits, dark green, circular, sunken spots appear and quickly spread across the whole fruit, causing it to rot and emit a fermented odor. A dense layer of mycelium often forms on the surface of the infected area.
To manage this disease effectively, it's crucial to take preventive measures from the very beginning. Farmers can apply fungicides such as 50% mancozeb wettable powder diluted at 700–800 times, 72.2% propamocarb hydrochloride at 800 times, or 64% azoxystrobin WP at 500 times. These should be sprayed every day for 10 consecutive days, applying 3–4 treatments in total. If needed, the same solution can also be used to drench the roots, using approximately 0.4–0.5 liters per plant. Combining foliar spray with root irrigation generally yields better results.
By staying vigilant and taking timely action, farmers can significantly reduce the risk of this devastating disease and protect their watermelon crops during the rainy season.
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