Formula milk powder, also known as a breast-milk-like emulsion, is specially formulated to resemble the nutritional profile of human breast milk. It starts with regular milk powder but undergoes modifications: part of the casein protein is removed and replaced with more whey protein, which is easier for infants to digest. The formula also reduces the amount of saturated fats and replaces them with vegetable oils, increasing the levels of unsaturated fatty acids. This helps reduce the mineral content, easing the burden on an infant’s kidneys. Additionally, essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients are added to make it closer in composition to breast milk.
Breast milk contains about 27% alpha-lactalbumin, a type of whey protein that supports optimal amino acid balance and improves protein bioavailability. In contrast, cow’s milk only has about 4% alpha-lactalbumin. This protein not only reduces overall protein intake but also eases kidney strain. Moreover, whey proteins contain sleep-inducing neurotransmitters that support better sleep and promote brain development in babies.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid) are crucial components found in breast milk. These polyunsaturated fatty acids play a vital role in the development of a baby’s brain and vision. They are derived from essential fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acid, which the body can convert. Including DHA and AA in formula helps enhance cognitive function and visual acuity, supporting healthy growth.
Vitamins A and D, along with iron and zinc, are important in infant formulas. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is carefully balanced at 2:1, and vitamin D is added to aid calcium absorption and prevent rickets. Iron is essential to prevent anemia in babies. However, excessive vitamin A over time can lead to skin issues or even headaches, dizziness, and nausea. While adding more ingredients might seem beneficial, it's important to ensure they are safe and necessary.
Nucleotides, found naturally in breast milk, help strengthen a baby’s immune system. Research shows that breast milk contains about 72 mg of nucleotides per liter. Some formula brands, such as Gold Xikangbao, add the same amount to boost immunity and disease resistance in infants.
Linoleic and linolenic acids are essential for the body to produce DHA and AA, which are critical for brain development. If these fatty acids are present in sufficient amounts in formula, the baby can naturally synthesize the needed DHA and AA. However, if they’re lacking, additional DHA and AA may be required. But these additives can oxidize easily, affecting the taste and quality of the formula. Therefore, ensuring adequate levels of linoleic and linolenic acid in the formula is key for optimal development.
Lastly, many formulas include palm oil, which can cause constipation by forming calcium soaps with calcium in the milk. Studies show that formulas without palm oil result in better calcium absorption and stronger bone development. Babies who drink breast milk often have softer stools, and avoiding palm oil in formula can help mimic this benefit.