First, selecting the right cattle for fattening is crucial. 1. Choose foreign improved beef cattle as the sire for crossbreeding. These breeds are known for their superior growth potential and meat quality. 2. Select cattle that have high limbs, a long body shape, loose skin with good elasticity, thin muscles, clear bones, a broad and full chest, soft and healthy hair. These characteristics indicate strong growth potential and better feed conversion. 3. Opt for cattle aged between 2 to 4 years, weighing 318–363 kg. These animals have a large appetite, grow quickly, and can be finished in a shorter time, which improves cash flow and reduces feeding costs. Second, improving feed utilization and reducing costs is essential. 1. Adjust the ratio of roughage to concentrate based on the stage of fattening. In the first 30 days, use a 3:7 to 1:1 ratio of roughage to concentrate, with a crude protein level of 12%. During the middle 70 days, switch to a 6:4 ratio with 11% crude protein. In the final 10–20 days, increase the roughage to 7:3–8:2, with 10% crude protein in concentrates. Aim for 4–5 kg of concentrate per day, and allow free access to roughage. 2. Process feeds properly. Crushed grains like corn should be above 1 mm in size, while sorghum should be around 1 mm. Cut roughage into 5–10 mm lengths for better digestion. 3. Utilize industrial by-products such as brewer’s grains and starch slag. These can replace up to 90% of the concentrate in the diet. For example, feed 15–20 kg of brewer’s grains per cow daily, along with 150 g baking soda, 100 g urea, and 100 g of a beef cattle premix. Similarly, use 10–15 kg of starch slag or other by-products with the same additives. 4. Employ silage and ammoniation techniques. Silage corn is an excellent feed for fattening. Adding 2% urea to the dry matter of silage can significantly improve performance. Third, enhancing feeding techniques and management practices is key. 1. Implement a restricted feeding strategy during the early stages and free-choice feeding in the later stages. This method can boost feed efficiency by about 5%. 2. Keep male and female cattle separate. Bulls typically gain weight faster than heifers, but castration may affect growth if done improperly. Avoid using drugs or hormones due to residue issues. Consider gender when selecting cattle for optimal weight gain. 3. Use an appropriate urease inhibitor premix during the fattening period to increase daily weight gain by over 18%. 4. Maintain good hygiene, control parasites, and prevent diseases through regular cleaning and health monitoring. 5. Slaughter cattle when they reach approximately 500 kg. Beyond this weight, growth slows, feed costs rise, and profitability declines. Fourth, using scientifically formulated feed rations ensures efficient growth. 1. A ration based on silage corn (wet weight) could include 80.8% silage corn, 17.1% corn, and 2.1% cottonseed cake. 2. For distiller’s grains-based rations (for 300 kg cattle), mix 1.5 kg corn, 15 kg fresh lees, 2.5 kg cereals, 70 g urea, 30 g salt, and 100 g of a premix. Urea helps balance nitrogen levels in the rumen. 3. For cattle under 300 kg, use 61 kg corn, 15 kg bran, 20 kg cotton (hybrid) cake, 1 kg salt, and 1 kg bone meal. Add 100 g of premix per day, 2 kg of concentrate, and allow free grazing on roughage. 4. For cattle over 300 kg, a formula might include 70 kg corn, 13 kg bran, 15 kg cotton (hybrid) cake, 1 kg salt, and 1 kg bone meal. Provide 100 g of premix daily, 3–3.5 kg of concentrate, and allow free access to roughage.

Bunsen Burner

bunsen burner for laboratory use

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