In China, over 20 species of mushrooms are cultivated on a large scale, including common varieties like shiitake, oyster mushrooms, white fungus, black fungus, and more. In recent years, the production of edible fungi has seen significant progress. However, farmers often face challenges with pests and diseases that can cause substantial losses. To help manage these issues, here are eight effective methods for prevention and control.
First, brown rot, also known as white rot or vesicular disease, primarily affects fruiting bodies such as mushrooms and shiitake. If the cover soil is contaminated, it's recommended to spray 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl diluted at 500 times on the soil surface to eliminate spores. After spraying, increase ventilation and lower the temperature to around 15°C. For severe cases, remove the old soil, replace it with new, and burn infected mushrooms. Tools should be disinfected using a 4% formaldehyde solution.
Second, green mold commonly affects mushrooms, black fungus, and white fungus. In the early stages, wipe the surface with lime water (pH 10). If green mold appears, apply a 800-times dilution of carbendazim promptly.
Third, mushroom flies mainly attack mushrooms before they fruit. Before the emergence of mushrooms, spray 1000 times dichlorvos or use a 0.1% solution of fine rattan. Once mushrooms appear, avoid spraying and instead use pyrethrum or Telfluthrin solutions, which are also suitable for sterilization.
Fourth, bacillary dysentery, also known as bacterial blight, affects mushrooms and black fungus. The small worms are hard to see but concentrate on the material or soil. When detected, spray 0.5% dichlorvos solution (500 ml per square meter). For black fungus, use a 20% wettable powder diluted 800 times.
Fifth, crickets, also called blister beetles, damage mushrooms, white fungus, and black fungus. They hide during the day and feed at night. To control them, sprinkle sud water in areas where they are active or use potassium permanganate on their paths. A 5% salt water spray or lime powder applied every 3–4 days can also help.
Sixth, nematodes are tiny, colorless worms that damage mushrooms, shiitake, and black fungus. From spring, spray black fungus with 1% lime water or 5% saline solution, and sprinkle lime powder on the ground. If found locally, cut out the affected area and spray with 0.1% potassium iodide.
Seventh, the worm, also known as gray worm, has nymphs that are gray or purple. These pests harm the hyphae and fruit bodies of various edible fungi. Under high humidity and temperature, they reproduce rapidly. To control them, spray 80% dichlorvos diluted 1000 times or 50% phoxim diluted 200–500 times before feeding. When no mushrooms are present, use 0.2% dimethoate emulsion or 0.4% trichlorfon mixed with honey to trap them. When they emerge, use 2.5% rattan essential oil or 20% pyrethrin vinegar diluted 800–1000 times.
Eighth, the pseudo-claw, also known as black shell insects, has larvae called fishworms that mainly affect black fungus. During March to May, spray 80% dichlorvos on the ear fields and surrounding areas. Apply a 500–800 times dilution of rattan extract every 10 days or before each harvest.
Antimalarial & Antiparasitic
Antimalarial:
Antimalarial
medications, also known as antimalarials, are designed to prevent or cure
malaria. Such drugs may be used for some or all of the following:
Treatment of
malaria in individuals with suspected or confirmed infection
Prevention of
infection in individuals visiting a malaria-endemic region who have no immunity
(Malaria prophylaxis)
Routine
intermittent treatment of certain groups in endemic regions (Intermittent
preventive therapy)
Some antimalarial
agents, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are also used in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus-associated arthritis.
Current practice
in treating cases of malaria is based on the concept of combination therapy,
since this offers several advantages, including reduced risk of treatment
failure, reduced risk of developing resistance, enhanced convenience, and
reduced side-effects. Prompt parasitological confirmation by microscopy, or
alternatively by rapid diagnostic tests, is recommended in all patients
suspected of malaria before treatment is started. Treatment solely on the basis
of clinical suspicion should only be considered when a parasitological
diagnosis is not accessible.
Antiparasitic:
Antiparasitics are
a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic
diseases, such as those caused by helminths,amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic
fungi, and protozoa, among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents
of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth;[4] they are
usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular
class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include
antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi. They may
be administered orally, intravenously or topically.
Broad-spectrum
antiparasitics, analogous to broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacteria, are
antiparasitic drugs with efficacy in treating a wide range of parasitic infections
caused by parasites from different classes.
Antimalarial & Antiparasitic,Antimalarial Drugs,Artemether Lumefantrine,Antiparasitic Drugs,Mebendazole Tablets
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