Managing the fermentation process can be quite challenging because it's a microscopic and invisible process. Unlike visible actions, we can't directly observe what's happening during fermentation. However, there are several key factors that must be carefully controlled to ensure a successful outcome. Even though materials like waste, straw, or manure can be fermented, without proper management, the results may not meet expectations, and in some cases, could even lead to losses.
To give you a better understanding, let’s look at some of the important parameters involved in the fermentation process, particularly when making organic fertilizer:
First, **moisture content** is crucial. The ideal level is around 65%. To check this, take a handful of the material and squeeze it. If it leaves a slight watermark on your fingers but doesn’t drip, it’s just right. If water drips out and the material doesn’t spread easily, the moisture is too high (over 75%). On the other hand, if it feels dry and crumbles easily, it’s too low. Adjusting moisture is essential for optimal microbial activity.
Next, **pH level** plays a significant role. Most fermentation processes require a pH between 6 and 8. Some materials, such as fruit residues, vinegar residue, or brewing waste, tend to be more acidic due to their organic acid content. In such cases, it’s recommended to adjust the pH using lime water to bring it up to around 8 before starting the process.
Temperature is another critical factor. The initial temperature should be between 10°C and 15°C. During fermentation, the temperature should not exceed 50°C, as this can cause a significant loss of nutrients. Ideally, maintaining a temperature around 40°C is best for efficient breakdown and nutrient preservation.
Lastly, **oxygen availability** varies depending on the type of fermentation agent used. For example, some agents require aerobic conditions (with oxygen), while others work best under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions. It’s important to follow the specific instructions provided with the fermentation agent to ensure the right environment is maintained.
By paying attention to these factors—moisture, pH, temperature, and oxygen—you can significantly improve the success of your fermentation process. This helps create high-quality compost or fertilizer that is rich in nutrients and beneficial for plant growth.