Early high-yield cultivation techniques of winter jujube
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August 12 03:04:11, 2025
Winter jujube, also known as frozen jujube or apple jujube, is a late-maturing variety of the Rhamnaceae family. Unlike other jujubes, it has no thorns and is mainly grown in Hebei and Shandong provinces, with Zhanhua Dongzao being the highest quality. The fruit is large, with thin skin, small seeds, juicy and crisp flesh, and a round or oblate shape. It has a reddish-brown color, with an average weight of 17.5g and a maximum of 35g per fruit. It contains 34% sugar, 0.47% acid, and 303mg of vitamin C per 100g. The trees start growing in early April and mature from late October to early November. With the development of agriculture, winter jujube has become a key crop for many farmers to escape poverty and achieve prosperity. This article summarizes the scientific research and practical experience from our station's high-yield winter jujube demonstration garden, introducing simple techniques for early high yield.
First, selecting strong seedlings is essential. Choose seedlings that are about 1.5m tall with a base diameter of at least 1.2cm, and have well-developed lateral roots. Before planting, trim the roots to 30-40cm and soak them in ABT rooting powder (50ppm) for 1-1.5 hours. Plant them with muddy roots. The spacing should be 2-2.5m between rows and 3-3.5m between plants, with 76-100 plants per mu. Dig trenches 60cm wide and 80cm deep, separate topsoil from subsoil, place 5cm of wheat straw at the bottom, mix manure with topsoil, and fill the trench. Apply 500kg of organic fertilizer per mu. After planting, water thoroughly and cover the soil.
Second, use plastic film to protect the roots and maintain warmth. After planting, water adequately and cover the soil. A plastic film can be placed around the tree to increase temperature and promote root growth.
Third, pruning is crucial for early high yield. After planting, avoid cutting the main trunk. Before budding, pull the branches parallel to the ground using a rope to slow down apical growth. Select a well-developed branch about 40cm above the ground, and make a wound to hinder nutrient transport. This encourages the formation of new buds. In the following year, add another bud in the opposite direction to form a balanced structure, promoting early fruiting. This method was applied in our station’s demonstration garden, achieving an average yield of 2.78kg per plant in the second year, with a value of over 6000 yuan per mu.
Fourth, proper soil, fertilizer, and water management is fundamental. Jujube trees require regular weeding and tilling to keep the soil loose. Autumn fertilization should be done in September to November, with 30-50kg per plant for young trees and up to 150kg for mature ones. Topdressing with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is done three times a year. Foliar sprays with urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate help supplement nutrients. Watering should be done three times a year—before budding, during fruit expansion, and before freezing.
Fifth, improving fruit set rate is vital. Spraying gibberellin (25ppm) during full bloom increases fruit setting. Combining it with borax (0.5%) enhances pollination. Girdling the trunk or main branches by removing a strip of bark promotes nutrient accumulation in the canopy, increasing fruit set. These methods helped achieve a yield of 1080kg per mu after four years.
Sixth, pest and disease control is essential. Common pests include peach borer, grasshoppers, and spider mites. Pesticides like methamidophos and triclosan are used. Fungicides like antibiotics and leaf blight prevent diseases.
Lastly, intercropping with peanuts under the jujube trees is beneficial. A 1m protection zone ensures the peanut crops do not compete with the jujube trees, providing both short-term and long-term benefits.