As the old saying goes, "In winter, a fish is only three minutes long." This phrase highlights the importance of timing when it comes to fish stocking. Experience has shown that the period from the winter solstice to the beginning of spring is the most suitable time for introducing fish species. During this time, fish are strong, their scales are tight, and they have a high adaptability. Combined with the low water temperature, which reduces their activity levels, this makes the process of catching and stocking fish more successful, leading to higher survival rates. The challenges of wintering in shallow waters have also made it easier for fish to be moved earlier, which is beneficial for their growth in the early spring.
But how can we improve the survival rate of fish during the winter?
1. **Prepare the Fish Pond Properly**
Ponds that are in poor condition must be renovated. Small, shallow, or stagnant ponds should be transformed into larger, deeper, and more active ones that are suitable for fish to survive and grow during the cold season. Even if the pond is already in good shape, regular maintenance is essential. Drain the water, let it dry, expose it to sunlight or freezing, remove excess silt, and keep only 15 to 20 centimeters of silt. Clear out weeds and reinforce the pond walls to ensure stability and safety.
2. **Clean and Fertilize the Pond**
Common cleaning agents used for ponds include quicklime and bleaching powder. Quicklime is the most effective, as it not only kills harmful microorganisms but also increases calcium levels in the water. It's best to disinfect on a sunny day. Drain the pond to a depth of 5 to 10 cm, calculate the lime dosage (120–150 kg per mu), spread it evenly, and mix it thoroughly to ensure full sterilization. After 5–7 days, once the chemicals have evaporated, refill the pond with water and add 150–200 kg of decomposed human manure per acre as base fertilizer. This helps to quickly enrich the water and increase the natural food supply for the fish.
3. **Choose Healthy Fish Species**
Winter fish should be selected from those with similar ages, uniform sizes, strong bodies, intact scales, no damaged fins, thick back muscles, bright colors, and lively movements. Their body length should be over 12 cm. Before placing them in the pond, fish should be soaked in a 2%–3% saltwater solution or a 3%–5% bleach solution for 15 minutes to kill any surface pathogens. Fish farms with better facilities can also use an inactivated vaccine for hemorrhagic disease. Inject 0.5 ml per fish for those over 18 cm and 0.3 ml for smaller ones to help prevent outbreaks.
4. **Optimize Fish Breeding**
Depending on the water quality, depth, and availability of feed, choose the right fish species and determine the appropriate stocking density. For grass-fed areas, raise more herbivorous fish. In well-fertilized ponds, you can raise more silver carp. For bottom feeders, eels and catfish are ideal. A recommended ratio is: 20%–30% for omnivorous fish and 70%–80% for filter feeders in fertilized ponds; 25%–45% and 55%–75% in general waters; and 60%–80% and 20%–40% in flowing or well-oxygenated ponds. The ratio between mid- and bottom-dwelling fish should be 55%–65% and 35%–45%, respectively.
5. **Strengthen Management**
During winter and early spring, temperatures are low, so the focus of fish management should be on the “four preventionsâ€: first, prevent shallow ponds from freezing; second, avoid water pollution from feeding; third, prevent ice formation and oxygen depletion that could cause fish suffocation; and fourth, control plankton blooms that may lead to algal overgrowth. Frost protection is especially crucial. When the water temperature drops below 1°C, fish become paralyzed, and at temperatures below -3°C, grass carp, mud minnows, and other species may freeze to death. To prevent this, deepen the water or use plastic greenhouses or other insulation methods to protect the pond.
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