First, culture methods

1. Preparation of Ponds and Supporting Facilities

(1) Pond Preparation: The pond area is approximately 3 to 5 mu, with a water depth of about 1.5 meters from east to west. A plastic film is laid at the bottom of the pond to prevent seepage, making it easier to drain, clean, and disinfect later. The pond floor should be slightly sloped toward the center, with a drainage hole in the middle connected to an external drainage channel for efficient drainage. Before starting a new batch of shrimp cultivation, we thoroughly wash the ponds to remove mud, dirt from artificial grass, and clear out plants and aeration pipes.

(2) Aeration and Warming Facilities: Aeration pipes are laid along the north-south direction based on the size of the pond. Air pumps and aerators are prepared to ensure proper oxygenation. At the bottom of the tank, a hot water heating pipe made of iron is installed, preferably wrapped in a protective film or coated with anti-rust paint. This pipe is connected to a main water line so that hot water can enter the pool through the inlet and circulate back through the return pipe, maintaining a stable temperature. In winter, the pond is covered with insulation film and straw curtains to retain heat.

2. Water Treatment for Aquaculture: The aquaculture water comes from the surrounding water channels. It is added to the pond up to about 50–60 cm. Approximately 75 kg of lime per acre is used for disinfection. After 4–5 days, organic fertilizers and biological agents are introduced to improve water quality and balance physical and chemical indicators.

3. Shrimp Stocking: To stagger the growth cycle, shrimp seedlings are released in February and early July. After desalination, the seedlings are planted once they show no signs of stress. The stocking density is set at 150,000 per mu. After release, it's crucial to monitor the survival rate of the seedlings closely.

4. Breeding Management

(1) Feeding: In the early stages, shrimp do not need additional feed for the first one to two weeks, as there is enough natural food in the pond. When natural food becomes scarce, artificial feed is introduced. Typically, feeding occurs four times daily, with the initial feed amount around 10% of the shrimp’s total weight, gradually decreasing to about 3% in the later stages. The feeding ratio between day and night is 2:3, and feeding must be regular, fixed, and measured. In the middle and late stages, vitamins such as VE and VC are mixed into the feed to support liver health.

(2) Warming: Since we are engaged in off-season farming, artificial heating is required when natural temperatures are insufficient. Local underground hot water is used to provide continuous heating, keeping the temperature between 26°C and 30°C. Fluctuations should not exceed 2°C. Temperature control is managed by adjusting valves on the hot water pipes. Ensuring a steady supply of geothermal water is essential for consistent temperature regulation.

(3) Water Quality Management: Maintaining the right water color is vital. The ideal color is yellow-green or dark brown, caused by algae or diatoms. Once a good water color is achieved, the water quality tends to remain stable. However, as the culture progresses, organic matter increases, potentially causing instability. Regular testing of pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen is necessary. One month after stocking, the water level is raised to the maximum during sunny days to boost dissolved oxygen. During water addition, some wastewater is discharged and treated before being recycled.

Biological agents are regularly sprinkled every 10 days, with dosage adjusted according to the type of agent. These agents help maintain a healthy microbial balance without harming the shrimp. Artificial aquatic plants are also suspended to promote microorganism attachment and reduce organic load. If ammonia nitrogen levels rise, biological agents can help. Nitrite nitrogen is more challenging to manage, but ensuring sufficient dissolved oxygen and using nitrifying bacteria can help.

The pH should be kept around 8.0, with minimal fluctuations between morning and evening. As the culture period progresses, the water may become acidic, requiring regular liming to maintain a suitable pH. Quicklime is applied weekly, depending on the actual pH level. Dissolved oxygen levels must be above 3.5 mg/L, especially in the later stages, to avoid oxygen depletion, which can harm shrimp and lead to poor water quality and increased nitrite levels.

5. Disease Prevention and Control: A common issue in the middle and later stages is ciliate infestation on the shrimp body. Currently, there is no effective prevention method, so treatment is only done when the problem arises. By managing water quality scientifically and introducing beneficial microorganisms, we have been able to minimize disease outbreaks and avoid excessive use of chemical drugs throughout the process.

Second, Insulation Shed Management

Since we are practicing off-season aquaculture, insulated greenhouses are essential. They must be built firmly to ensure good insulation and allow for adjustable temperature control by removing the insulation film when needed.

The basic structure of the greenhouse is made of steel pipes, with thermal insulation film attached and secured with steel wires. During cold weather, straw curtains are used for extra warmth. The greenhouse should also provide adequate lighting.

In windy conditions, doors must be closed in advance to prevent strong winds from entering. The shed should be checked regularly for loose or disconnected wires, and any issues should be reinforced promptly. On rainy or snowy days, accumulated water on the roof must be removed to prevent structural damage.

Third, Shrimp Harvesting

After 3–4 months of cultivation, the shrimp typically reach about 100 per kilogram, meeting market specifications. Harvesting time can be adjusted based on local prices to maximize profits.

Due to the mesh cover and aeration system, traditional netting is not suitable for harvesting. Instead, we use cage fishing. After one or two rounds, we slowly guide the shrimp into the net. Average yields per harvest can reach up to 600 kg.

Fourth, Experience and Lessons Learned

During the entire breeding process, two key points should be emphasized:

1. Off-season farming requires manual temperature control throughout the process. This means frequent inspection and maintenance of heating and insulation equipment to ensure a continuous supply of geothermal water. Staff must constantly monitor water temperature and make timely adjustments.

2. High-density culture increases the risk of water quality deterioration and disease outbreaks. To maintain good water quality and shrimp health, regular water quality monitoring is essential. Sprinkling biological agents, hanging mesh, and managing waste help create a favorable environment for beneficial microorganisms, reducing organic content in the water. Through the use of biological agents and artificial mesh, we have created a balanced ecosystem, achieving near-zero discharge through scientific aquaculture management.

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