Bacterial bean blight

Bean bacterial disease, also known as leaf burn disease, is more severe than damage caused by summer beans. **Symptoms:** The disease primarily affects the leaves but can also damage stems and pods. On the leaves, the infection starts from the tip or edge, appearing as small dark green water-soaked spots. As the disease progresses, these spots expand into irregular brown necrotic areas with a yellow halo around them. The affected tissue becomes thin, transparent, and brittle, resembling burnt leaves—hence the name "leaf burn." Young leaves may become shriveled, deformed, and fall off easily. Infected stems show water-soaked, brown streaks and often die within a week after being surrounded by the pathogen. The fruits develop brownish-red, slightly sunken, near-circular lesions. In severe cases, the seeds may show yellow-brown sagging lesions. Under wet conditions, yellow bacterial exudate can be seen oozing from infected leaves, stems, and seed umbilici. **Pathogen:** The causative agent is *Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli*, a gram-negative bacterium. It appears as rod-shaped cells, with one flagellum. The bacteria grow well at 30°C and are killed within 10 minutes at 50°C. **Disease Characteristics:** The pathogen can survive in the seed coat for up to 2-3 years. Once the infected plant material decays, the bacteria lose their virulence. Infected seeds can lead to early seedling infections, with pus forming at the growing point and cotyledon tissues. Wind, rain, and farming activities serve as transmission vectors. The bacteria enter through wounds or natural openings such as stomata. High humidity, warm temperatures, heavy dew, and fog promote disease development. The disease tends to spread rapidly during hot, rainy summers and autumns. Poor field management, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, overwatering, weed infestation, and pest problems all contribute to disease outbreaks. **Prevention Methods:** 1. **Agricultural Control:** Implement a three-year crop rotation. Plant in disease-free fields using certified disease-free seeds. Soak seeds in 55°C warm water for 10 minutes. Avoid overwatering and use well-decomposed manure. Apply balanced fertilizers, focusing on phosphorus and potassium. Level the field properly to prevent waterlogging. Remove diseased leaves early and improve air circulation in the field. 2. **Chemical Control:** At the first sign of disease, apply 14% copper oxychloride wettable powder diluted 300 times, 50% copper hydroxide (DT) wettable powder diluted 500 times, 77% copper oxychloride WP diluted 500 times, or 72% streptomycin 4000 times. You can also use neomycin at 4000 times or 47% mancozeb WP at 1000 times. Spray every 7–10 days, repeating 2–3 times. Alternate between different products for better effectiveness. Commonly used chemicals include copper-based compounds like copper sulfate, copper citrate, and others such as thiocarbamates, neomycin, and mancozeb. By combining good agricultural practices with timely chemical applications, farmers can effectively manage this destructive bacterial disease.

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