In order to ensure optimal milk production and overall health of dairy cows, several key factors should be carefully managed. First, maintaining the right temperature is essential. Dairy cows require a minimum ambient temperature of 20°C to produce milk efficiently. During early spring, when temperatures can be quite low, it's crucial to provide warm shelters. While achieving 20°C might be challenging, keeping the temperature above 10°C is a minimum requirement to prevent stress and maintain productivity.
Second, ensuring a well-balanced diet is vital. In spring, cows should be fed high-quality hay or silage as a base, but their nutritional needs increase. A recommended feed mix includes 50% cornmeal, 30% soybean meal, 10% bran, 3% fat, 1.5% salt, 2% bone meal, 1.5% baking soda, and 2% milk production premix. If green feed isn't available, feeding 3–5 kg of chopped carrots, potatoes, or fresh Chinese cabbage daily can help meet nutritional gaps. For each 3 kg of milk produced, 1–1.5 kg of mixed concentrate should be provided to support higher yields.
Third, providing clean, warm water is important. Cows that drink cold water in early spring use more energy to warm the water, which reduces milk output. It’s also critical to ensure sufficient water intake, as dehydration can lead to health issues. Aim to provide around 16°C warm water to keep cows comfortable and hydrated throughout the day.
Fourth, maintaining cleanliness in the barn is essential for preventing disease and improving cow comfort. Regular cleaning, removing manure promptly, and using lime powder or ash to control humidity are effective practices. Providing soft bedding with straw helps insulate the cows and keeps them warm, especially during colder periods.
Lastly, encouraging regular exercise and sun exposure is beneficial. On sunny days, allow cows to graze and move for at least two hours. Afterward, lead them to a sheltered, sunny area to improve blood circulation, kill harmful bacteria, aid digestion, and enhance their overall health and milk production. These combined efforts will help maintain a healthy, productive herd throughout the season.
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