Dry milk late period, also known as the prepartum or transition period, refers to the final two weeks before a cow gives birth. This stage follows the dry period and is crucial for preparing the cow for calving. During this time, cows are approaching labor, and improper management can lead to various health issues such as mastitis, metabolic disorders, and postpartum complications. Therefore, the primary focus during this phase is on maintaining the cow’s health and ensuring a smooth transition into lactation.
Management during the prepartum period should be adjusted based on the cow's body condition and udder development. For overweight cows, it's important to reduce concentrate feed and focus on high-quality forage. Conversely, cows in poor nutritional condition may benefit from limited concentrate feeding—up to 1% of their body weight—following a guided feeding strategy. Gradually increasing concentrate intake helps the rumen microflora adapt to higher-energy diets, supporting better appetite and milk production while reducing the risk of ketosis.
However, cows with severe udder edema or early signs of mastitis should avoid excessive concentrate to prevent worsening of their condition. In such cases, salt supplementation may be beneficial. Recent research also highlights the importance of low-calcium diets during this period, typically keeping calcium levels at around 0.2% of dry matter. This approach helps stimulate the parathyroid gland to mobilize bone calcium, preventing hypocalcemia and postpartum paralysis after calving.
During the prepartum period, it's advisable to limit juicy feeds due to increased fetal pressure, which can affect digestive motility and lead to constipation. Adding bran to the concentrate ration can help, as it contains magnesium, a natural laxative. Additionally, supplementing with vitamin A and D (either through feed or injections) can improve calf vitality, increase survival rates, and reduce the incidence of retained placenta and postpartum disorders.
Proper management is essential to prevent infections and metabolic diseases. Cows should be moved to the calving area 7–10 days in advance, with clean, disinfected bedding. The delivery room should be regularly cleaned and sanitized using a 2% caustic soda solution. Before moving, the cow’s hindquarters and legs should be washed with a 2–3% iodine solution. Records should be updated, and the cow should be monitored closely.
Maintaining clean and dry bedding in the calving area is vital. In winter, cows should be given warm water (around 36°C) and avoid icy or frozen feed to prevent diarrhea. Regular observation of the udder is necessary; if swelling is excessive, especially in high-yield cows, diuretics may be used to reduce edema. If the udder becomes too red, early milking may be considered, but colostrum should be preserved for the calf.
On good weather days, cows should be allowed to exercise freely to promote overall health and reduce disease risk. Avoid keeping them in damp barns all day, as this can weaken their immunity and increase susceptibility to illness. Overall, the prepartum period is a critical time that requires careful attention to ensure a healthy calving and strong start to lactation.
Pharmaceutical intermediates
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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