Dry milk late period, also known as the prepartum period, refers to the final two weeks before calving. During this time, cows are approaching labor, and improper management can lead to various health issues. Therefore, the main focus of care during this stage is on maintaining the cow's health and preventing diseases.
In managing dry cows, feeding should be adjusted based on their body condition and udder swelling. For overweight cows, concentrate feed should be reduced, and high-quality hay should form the basis of their diet. Conversely, cows in poor nutritional condition may need additional concentrates, but the amount should not exceed 1% of their body weight. Gradually increasing the concentrate intake helps the rumen microbiota adapt to higher-energy feeds, which supports a strong appetite and early milk production, ultimately reducing the risk of ketosis.
However, cows with severe udder edema or hidden mastitis should avoid excessive concentrate to prevent further swelling or infection. In such cases, adding salt to the diet may help reduce edema. Recent research suggests that a low-calcium diet (with calcium content around 0.2% of dry matter) can help prevent postpartum hypocalcemia, commonly known as milk fever. This approach encourages the parathyroid gland to mobilize bone calcium, ensuring adequate blood calcium levels during calving and reducing the risk of postpartum paralysis.
During the prepartum period, it’s important to limit large volumes of juicy feed, as fetal pressure can cause digestive issues and constipation. Including bran in the concentrate mix can help due to its high magnesium content, which has a mild laxative effect. Daily supplementation with vitamin A and D, either through feed or injections, can improve calf vitality, survival rates, and reduce the incidence of retained placenta and postpartum disorders.
Proper management during this period includes focusing on hygiene and disease prevention. Cows should be moved to the calving area 7–10 days before birth, with special attention given to cleanliness. The calving area should be disinfected with a 2% caustic soda solution, and clean, dry bedding should be provided. Before moving, the cow’s hindquarters and legs should be cleaned with a 2–3% chlorhexidine solution. Records should be updated, and the transfer process should be well-documented.
Maintaining clean bedding in the calving area is essential. Preventing injuries from hanging objects is also important. In winter, cows should be given warm water (around 36°C), avoiding ice-cold or frozen feed to prevent diarrhea and premature labor. Monitoring udder changes is crucial—excessive swelling, especially in high-yielding cows, may require diuretics to reduce swelling. If the udder becomes too red, milking can be done early, but colostrum should be preserved for the calf.
When weather permits, cows should be allowed to exercise freely outside the barn to promote good health and reduce the risk of illness. Prolonged stays in damp, poorly ventilated areas increase the likelihood of disease.
Pharmaceutical intermediates
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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